1. Lecture (8)

2. Forearm Basic Projections Anteroposterior (AP) Lateral AP Forearm Exposure Factors KvmAsFFD (cm)GridFocusCassette 656100NoFine24 x 30 cm Patient position Seated at end of radiographic table With arm extended

3. Part position Forearm resting on table top Supinate hand Include ( joints) of interest Central Ray Perpendicular Center Point To mid forearm Structures shown AP projection of the entire radius & ulna Minimum proximal row of carpals and distal humerus Note: Pronation of the hand result in radius crossing over ulna

4. AP Forearm

5. Lateral Forearm Exposure Factors KvmAsFFD (cm)GridFocusCassette 656100NoFine 24 x 30 cm Patient position  Seated at end of radiographic table Part position  Rest Humerus &Forearm t on table top  Elbow flexed 90 degrees  Hand in lateral position  Include ( joints) of interest Central Ray Perpendicular Center Point  To mid forearm

6. Structures shown Lateral projection of the entire radius and ulna Proximal row of carpals bones Elbow and distal end of the humerus Lateral Forearm

7. Elbow Joint Basic Projections AP LAT Medial Oblique Lateral Oblique Axial AP Elbow Exposure Factors KvmAsFFD (cm)GridFocusCassette 656100NoFine24 x 30 cm

8. Patient position Seated at end of radiographic table With arm extended Part position Forearm resting on table top Supinate hand Center elbow joint to cassette Shoulder, elbow & wrist at the same level Central Ray Perpendicular Center Point To elbow joint

9. Structures shown Distal humerus Elbow joint space Proximal radius and ulna AP Elbow

10. Lateral Elbow Exposure Factors KvmAsFFD (cm)GridFocusCassette 706100NoFine24 x 30 cm Patient position Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table Part position Flex elbow 90 degrees Lat.hand Center flexed elbow to cassette Adjust wrist &hand in lateral position Adjust shoulder, elbow & wrist at the same level

11. Central Ray Perpendicular Center Point To lateral epicondyle of humerus Structures shown Lateral projection of: Distal humerus& proximal forearm Olecranon process Lateral Elbow

12. Medial Oblique elbow Patient position  Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table Part position  Extend forearm Pronate hand &medially rotate arm  Center flexed elbow to cassette  Adjust anterior surface of elbow to be 40-45 degrees  Adjust shoulder, elbow & wrist at The same level Central Ray  Perpendicular Center Point  To mid elbow joint (2cm distal to midpoint of line between epicondyles.

13. Lateral Oblique elbow Patient position  Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table Part position  Extend forearm  Rotate hand laterally  Center flexed elbow to cassette  Adjust posterior surface of elbow to be 40 degrees to cassette  Adjust shoulder, elbow & wrist at The same level Central Ray  Perpendicular Center Point To mid elbow joint ( 2cm distal to midpoint of line between epicondyles.) Structures shown Oblique view of the distal humerus & proximal ulna and radius

14. Axial elbow Patient position  Seated at end of radiographic table with Flexed arm resting on table top Part position  Align and center humerus to long axis of cassette  Forearm flexed with fingers resting on shoulder  Center flexed elbow to cassette  Palpate and ensure epicondyles equal distances from cassette Central Ray Perpendicular to cassette Center Point Mid way between epicondyles Structures shown Trochlea, Capitulum, Olecranon process and Distal humerus

15. AP Elbow ( Injured patient Patient position Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table with partially elbow flexed Part position Obtain tow AP projections one with forearm Parallel to cassette and on with humerus Parallel to cassette Center flexed elbow to cassette Central Ray Perpendicular Center Point To mid elbow joint Structures shown distal humerus & proximal ulna and radius Note: this position obtained if fracture or dislocation is suspected If elbow flexed near 90 degrees take the same With tube angulation 10-15 degrees into elbow