2. Types of Learning  Habituation: simple type: progressive decrease in response.  Classical conditioning: classic S-R connective associations.  Operant conditioning: associations between response and reinforcement.  Observational learning: see and (may) do; Reinforcement secondary to learning.

3. Learning Alteration in behavior/understanding as result of an encountered experience.  Excludes effects due to factors such as fatigue, drugs, maturation, disease, injury.

4. Habituation  Is a decrease in R (response) to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented.  A two step process:  Orienting response— attention is directed toward the object.  Habituate— a decrease in the orienting response.

5. Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning  Basic-- Unconditioned Response (reflex).  UCS-- unconditioned stimulus (natural).  UCR-- unconditioned response (elicited) by UCS).  UCS---------------->UCR.

9. Classical Conditioning  Conditioned Response-- pair a “neutral” stimulus with UCS.  CS + UCS  UCR  Repeat pairing n times.  CS  CR  It is now a learned response.

10. Associated Phenomena (Applies to Operant Conditioning As Well)  Extinction  Spontaneous Recovery  Stimulus Generalization  Stimulus Discrimination: additional learning

11. Arrangement Effects Acquisition  Delayed: UCS------------------>UCR CS------------------------  Trace: UCS ---------->UCR CS-------  Simultaneous: UCS------------------>UCR CS ------------------  Backward UCS------ CS ---------->UCR

12. Operant Conditioning  First identified by Thorndike in law of effect- - responses which produce satisfying results strengthen stimulus-response (S- R) connections.  Puzzle box-- cats.

13. Operant Conditioning  B.F. Skinner  Skinner Box  Operant-- an emitted response R S (box)R-----> reinforcer R  repeat n times  S-------->R (learned behavior)

14. Reinforcement-- a Stimulus Which Increases Probability of Response  Constant/continuous:be havior reinforced for every “correct” response  Leads to rapid acquisition  Partial/intermittent:  Variation in reinforcement for each “correct” response  Leads to increased resistance to extinction

15. Partial/Intermittent RRatio-- based on number of responses IInterval- based on time between responses  Ratio or interval: either schedule can be fixed or variable  Fixed-- constant pattern  Variable-- irregular pattern

16. Reinforcement: behavior is determined by its consequences  Positive reinforcement:  when added (by that R), strengthens occurrence of R.  Negative reinforcement:  when removed (by that R), strengthens the occurrence of R

17. Both have effect of increasing occurrence of R  Positive:  Praise  Money  Tokens (token economy)  candy/food  Negative:  Withdrawal of shock nagging anxiety

18. Punishment  -- Elimination of R (outcome of R is unfavorable).  Transient effect.  Produces anxiety, stress, dislike of punishing.  Effects less predictable.

19. Reinforcement vs. Punishment  Reinforcement: acquisition.  Punishment: elimination.  The behavior results in: 1.Positive: add or introduce element. 2.Negative: element is withdrawn.

20. Reinforcement vs. Punishment  + Reinforcement = behavior produces ST desirable.  + Punishment = behavior produces ST undesirable.  - Reinforcement = behavior produces ST desirable.  - Punishment = behavior produces ST undesirable.

21. Reinforcement vs. Punishment  Positive: Rein = increased probability acquisition. Pun = decreased probability of repetition.  Negative: Rein = increased probability acquisition. Pun = decreased probability of repetition.

22. Observational Learning  Model (acting) + observer = learned R.  Occurs w/o reinforcement. Reinforcement may facilitate performance (not learning).  Bobo doll: aggressive behavior.  Some watched, others did not; Later were frustrated in same room.

23. Observational Learning  Results:  Similar, but 3 IV conditions live model filmed model cartoon model  DVs: amount aggressive behavior; specificity of R

24. Processes AAttention RRetention MMotor reproduction MMotivation

25. Reciprocal Determinism  Interaction cause-effect model of behavior  P (beliefs, motives, disposition)  E (rewards, structure)  B (behavior of P)  Each interact with the other to produce behavior