2. Chapter 2 Learning (I) Classical Conditioning

3. Instinct  Salmon  Weaver Bird  Reflex — a simple innate behavior  Fixed action pattern (FAP) — a ~ is an instinctual chain of movements found in all members of a species. It prepare animals to meet major needs in their lives

4. Question: Do Human Have Instincts?  Human have reflexes  But most psychologist reject the idea that human have instincts — species specific  Learning vs. Instinct our learning gives us more flexibility and adaptability

5. Learning: The Definitions  A relatively permanent change due to experience (text book)  The modification through experience of pre-existing behavior and understanding (Psychology 7th edition 2006)  A process that results in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavior potential, is based on experience (Psychology and Life 18th edition.)

6. Keys to Learning  Change (potential)  Experience excludes temporary change caused by fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs maturation  Permanent, enduring, consistent  Active or passive?

7. Associative Learning  Learning that certain events occur together. The events may two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

8.  the view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes  Describe, understand, predict and control Behaviorism

9. Classical (Pavlovian, Respondent) Conditioning  Pavlov ’ s Experiments  UCSUCR Neutral Stimulus (NS) No response  NS+UCS UCR NS can produce the target R independently, so it is called CS, and the former UCSUCR  CS CR

11. Elements of Classical Conditioning  Acquisition  Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery  Stimulus Generalization in the experiment; phobia; babyface  Stimulus Discrimination in the experiment; sounds of parents (an anecdote)anecdote

13. Second-order conditioning  Lemonade powder + Pavlov  Salivation  望梅止渴  Succulent  how to learn a new word efficiently  品牌

14. Factors Influence Classical C.  The intensity of the UCS (reinforcer)  The numbers of parings of the CS and the UCS  Timing Timing  New directions New directions

15. Applications of Classical C.  Immune system (Ader & Koon,1982)  Explaining taste aversion  Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs) John B. Watson and his classical experiment on phobia  In daily life  advertisement

18. Further examples  Learning to Be a Drug Addict Siegel, S. (1982, 1984, 2005)  Trauma as Classical Conditioning  Women in red (Daniela Niesta, 2008)