2. Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

3. Behavioralism Psychological perspective that emphasizing the role of learning and experience in determining behavior. A strict behavioralist believes that babies are tabula rasa and the study of psychology should focus purely on observable behaviors and not unobservable thoughts.

4. How do we learn? Most learning is associative learning Learning that certain events occur together.

5. Three Main Types of Learning Observational/Social Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

6. Which is which? 1. A child is attacked by a dog. The child now fears all dogs. 2. You do your homework every night to get good grades and avoid punishment. Classical – involuntary, stimulus precedes behavior Operant – voluntary, stimulus follows behavior

7. Classical Conditioning An INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it. Ivan Pavlov

8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho

9. Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate. This is passive learning (automatic…learner does NOT have to think).-It does exist!

10. Unconditioned Stimulus (US): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Unconditional Response (UR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

11. Classical Conditioning Next you find a neutral stimulus (something that by itself elicits no response). You present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times.

12. Classical Conditioning After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS. Acquisition

13. Classical Conditioning We know learning takes places when the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response. At this point the neutral stimulus is called the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditional response becomes the conditioned response (CR).

14. Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally neutral stimulus (NS) that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.

15. Identifying Parts Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Meat powder Unconditioned Response (UCR) Salivation Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Bell Conditioned Response (CR) Salivation * Hint: replace “conditioned” with “learned” to make it more intuitive.

17. Things to Remember: The responses (UR & CR) are always the same. The NS and the CS are always the same. The NS becomes the CS through learning.

18. A friend has learned to associate the sound of a dentist’s drill to a fearful reaction because of a painful experience she had getting a root canal. In this example, what is the: –UCS? Pain from the drill –UCR? Fear –CS? Sound of the drill –CR? Fear

19. A BMW commercial has lots of pretty people in it. People who watch the commercial find the people pleasing to look at. With repeated viewing, they begin to associate the car with the pleasant feeling. UCS?Pretty people UCR? Feeling good CS? Sight of BMW CR? Feeling good