1. Scientific Models, part 2 August 24, 2015 (1.2 in your books)

2. Meme Moment

3. Homework inference deductive reasoning inductive reasoning pseudoscience objective subjective *data *empirical evidence Define these terms. Due Tuesday. personal bias cultural bias experimental bias variable control classify qualitative observation quantitative observation

4. Scientist of the Day

5. Frances Oldham Kelsey Went to college at 15 Mistaken for a boy Found a chemical being added to medicines that was killing people Stood up to corporations that wanted her fired Sent her friend to investigate another dangerous medicine Kept thalidomide out of the US (saved thousands of babies)

6. Vocabulary Personal bias: You think one thing, so you think everyone will think that too. Cultural bias: Everyone around you when you were growing up seemed to think or do something, so you think everyone in the world will think/do that too. Experimental bias: An experiment doesn’t have a good design, so you’re more likely to get one particular result. 6 th and 7 th grade

7. Deductive vs Inductive Two ways to classify scientific reasoning Deductive reasoning starts with other knowledge. Inductive reasoning starts with observations (like Sherlock Holmes). Scientists usually like deductive reasoning more, but inductive reasoning is still useful – it just has to be tested afterwards!

8. Deductive Reasoning I already know... New Observation Conclusion Something related to what you know, but not exactly the same

9. Inductive Reasoning New Observation I also know... Conclusion

10. Why might inductive reasoning be wrong? Inductive reasoning is useful (because it’s reasoning, not just wildly guessing), but it often draws the wrong conclusion. Inductive reasoning has to be backed up with more data. Example: This man has a beard. Graduate students are more likely to have beards. A razor is needed to remove a beard. Some Orthodox Jews grow beards. Hipsters like beards. Which piece of information leads to the right conclusion?

11. What if you get it wrong? Science fixes itself! Even when we get stuff wrong, we often learn more about the problem in the meantime It’s especially important to test conclusions from inductive reasoning with new experiments This week, we’ll talk about designing experiments from scratch and plan our first explosion!

12. What makes a good experiment? What are we looking for? What do we expect to observe? How could we record that? (8 th grade: how could we measure that as empirical evidence?) What variables do we have? What controls do we have?

13. Vocabulary Variable: the thing that changes in an experiment. Usually we only change one thing at a time. Scientists use the word “control” in 2 different ways: Control: the thing that stays the same in an experiment. Control: the “null” experiment where we test what we get when we do nothing special.

14. Old Vocabulary predict classify observe investigate conclude evaluate

15. Friday Make a note! 2L bottle of any soda 1 roll of any Mentos or similar candy Optional: poncho

16. Questions Any questions about the slides? Any new questions?

17. Questions from Last Week Is there anti-venom for komodo dragons? I’m still not sure. One source said yes, another no. What type of oryx was reintroduced? Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) into Oman, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan, Israel Are daddy longlegs the most poisonous type of spider? No. And spiders usually aren’t poisonous. Poisonous is if you eat it. Venomous is if it stings or bites and injects venom that way. http://spiders.ucr.edu/daddylonglegs.html 6 th grade

19. Questions from Last Week Are daddy longlegs a type of spider? It depends. 3 different types of bugs are called “daddy longlegs” insect – crane fly arachnid, but not a spider (the usual daddy longlengs) arachnid, cellar spider 6 th grade

20. Questions from Last Week Are bush babies and lemurs types of monkey? No, bush babies, aye-ayes, and lemurs are “prosimians” (actually in different suborders) 6 th grade