1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Tissues  Groups of cells with a common structure and function  Four primary types  Epithelium  Connective tissue  Muscle  Nervous

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Epithelial Tissues  Functions: protection, filtration, absorption, secretion  Location:  Line body cavities, cover body surfaces  Glandular epithelia  Exocrine glands: secretion to exterior via ducts  Endocrine glands: secretion directly into blood

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Epithelium Characteristics  Cells fit closely together  always one free surface  lower surface bound by “basement membrane”  Avascular (have no blood supply)  Regenerate easily if well nourished

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Epithelial Tissues: Classification  1. Cell shape  Squamous: flattened cells  Cuboidal: cube shaped  Columnar: column shaped

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Epithelial Tissues: Classification  Number of cell layers  Simple – one layer  Stratified – more than one layer

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Epithelial Tissues: Attachments  Basement membrane  Structural support, attachment to tissue underneath  Made of secreted proteins

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Attachments: Junctions Between Cells Figure 4.2  Tight junctions: nothing passes  Adhesion junctions: some movement between cells  Gap junctions: protein channels

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Stratified Epithelium  Stratified squamous  Cells at the free edge are flattened  protective covering where friction is common  Locations  Skin  Mouth  Esophagus Figure 3.18e

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Connective Tissue Functions  Binds body tissues together  Supports the body  Provides protection Composed of cells and extracellular matrix: 1. Ground substance of water, proteins and sugars 2. Fibers

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. A. Fibrous Connective Tissue  Function: strength and elasticity  Matrix: intercellular material giving the CT its characteristics  Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, fat cells  Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. A. Fibrous Connective Tissue  Fibrous connective tissue types:  Loose (areolar): surrounds many organs, lines cavities around blood vessels  Dense: tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. A. Fibrous Connective Tissue Elastic: surrounds stomach, bladder, maintains shape  Reticular: internal framework of soft organs (liver) and lymphatic system

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. B. Special Connective Tissues  Blood: fluid matrix of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets  Adipose tissue: fat cells; function in insulation, protection, and energy storage

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. B. Special Connective Tissue  Cartilage: no blood vessels, high collagen content  Bone: inorganic matrix with calcium salts for hardness

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Muscle Tissue:  Skeletal muscle  moves body parts  voluntary, multi-nucleated  Cardiac muscle  only in the heart  involuntary, single nuclei  Smooth muscle  surrounds hollow structures  involuntary, single nuclei

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Nervous Tissue: Transmit Impulses  Neuron: specialized nervous system cell  Structural components: cell body, dendrites, axon  Glial cells: support cells to neurons

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Tissue Repair  Regeneration  Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis  Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)  Determination of method  Type of tissue damaged  Severity of the injury

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. The Language of Anatomy: Body Planes Figure 1.6

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Anatomical Position or Direction Figure 4.9

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Tissue Membranes: Line Body Cavities  Body surfaces, cavities are covered by tissue membranes  Composed of tissues (epithelium and connective*) 4 types of tissue membranes

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 1. Serous Membranes - reduce friction between organs  epithelium (simple squamous) plus connective tissue (areolar)  Lines interior body cavities  Serous layers separated by serous fluid Figure 4.1c

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Serous Membranes  Specific serous membranes  Peritoneum  Abdominal cavity  Pleura  Around the lungs  Pericardium  Around the heart Figure 4.1d

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Body Cavities Figure 4.8

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 2. Mucous Membranes - lubricate surfaces, capture debris  Epithelium (various types) plus loose connective tissue  Lines all body cavities that open to body’s exterior  absorption or secretion Figure 4.1b

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 3. Synovial Membrane - lubricates joints  Connective tissue only  Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints Figure 4.2

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 4. Cutaneous Membrane - skin Protective boundary  Epidermis is  Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium  Dermis  dense connective tissue Figure 4.1a

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Tissue Membranes: Line Body Cavities  Serous membrane: lines internal cavities  Mucous membrane: lines external cavities  Synovial membrane: lubricate joints  Cutaneous membrane: skin

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions  Organ systems  Groups of organs that perform a common function. Examples:  Digestive system: mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, liver  Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Homeostasis  Maintenance of relative constancy of the conditions of the internal environment  Mechanisms  Negative feedback: deviations from normal detected and counteracted  Components: controlled variable, sensor, control center, effector