1. ANATOMY THE STUDY OF THE FORM, STRUCTURE, OF BODY PARTS AND HOW THESE PARTS RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER

2. PHYSIOLOGY THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY’S STRUCTURAL MACHINERY, THAT IS, HOW THE PARTS OF THE BODY WORK AND CARRY OUT THEIR LIFE- SUSTAINING ACTIVITIES

3. COMPLEMENTARITY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form hard mineral deposits bone support body valves in the heart prevent blood backflow one direction blood flow Think about more examples in your body…..

4. HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION CHEMICAL LEVEL CELLULAR LEVEL TISSUE LEVEL ORGAN LEVEL SYSTEM LEVEL

5. CHEMICAL LEVEL –atoms: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen –atoms combine to form molecules: water, proteins CELLULAR LEVEL –molecules associate in very specific ways to form cells –cells are the living structural and functional units of an organism –muscle cells, nerve cells

6. TISSUE LEVEL –TISSUES CONSIST OF GROUPS OF SIMILAR CELLS THAT HAVE A COMMON FUNCTION –4 BASIC TISSUE TYPES: EPITHELIAL TISSUE - COVERS THE BODY SURFACE AND LINES ITS CAVITIES MUSCLE TISSUE - CAUSES MOVEMENT CONNECTIVE TISSUE - SUPPORTS THE BODY AND PROTECTS ITS ORGANS NERVOUS TISSUE - PROVIDES A MEANS OF RAPID INTERNAL COMMUNICATION BY TRANSMITTING ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

7. ORGAN LEVEL –A STRUCTURE COMPOSED OF AT LEAST 2 TISSUE TYPES, AND 4 IS MORE COMMON. –AT THE ORGAN LEVEL, EXTREMELY COMPLEX PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES BECOME POSSIBLE –HOW MANY TYPES OF TISSUE IN A STOMACH?

9. SYSTEM LEVEL ORGANS THAT COOPERATE AND WORK CLOSELY WITH ONE ANOTHER TO ACCOMPLISH A COMMON PURPOSE –SKELETAL –MUSCULAR –NERVOUS –ENDOCRINE –CARDIOVASCULA R –RESPIRATORY –DIGESTIVE –URINARY –REPRODUCTIVE –LYMPHATIC –IMMUNE –INTEGUMENTARY

10. Maintenance of Life Maintenance of boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

11. Maintenance of boundaries Internal environment remains distinct from external environment surrounding it All the cells of the body are surrounded by a semipermeable membrane Whole body is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system - protects internal organs from drying out, bacteria invasion, damaging effects of chemical substances and physical factors

12. Movement Body movements: –muscular system/ skeletal system - walking, writing –facial expression Movements of substances: –blood; foodstuff; urine Contractility –muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening

13. Responsiveness Irritability Stimuli in the environment (inside or outside the body) Human body Reactions All physiological activities are reactions to stimuli correct reaction happy life wrong reaction troubles

16. Digestion broke down Simple molecules absorbed Blood Circulation system All body cells Ingested food

17. Metabolism All chemical reactions occur within body cells

20. Excretion TRASH !!! nonuseful products of digestion and metabolism digestive system - indigestible food residues urinary system - nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes respiratory system - carbon dioxide

21. Reproduction & Growth Reproduction –Formation of offspring –Reproductive organs of males and females are quite different Growth –Increase in size of a body part and the number of cells

22. HOMEOSTASIS State of body equilibrium, maintenance of a stable internal environment of the body how? REFLEX - automatic reaction to stimuli