2. Ch.3 The Molecules Of Cells

3. What kind of molecule is spider silk? What kind of molecule is spider silk? A protein A protein What molecule codes for all proteins including spider silk? What molecule codes for all proteins including spider silk? DNA DNA

4. What can spider silk be used for? What can spider silk be used for? Bullet proof vests, surgical thread and fishing line. Bullet proof vests, surgical thread and fishing line. What are two major life molecules illustrated in this section? What are two major life molecules illustrated in this section? DNA and Proteins DNA and Proteins

5. What is the most important element in life’s molecules? What is the most important element in life’s molecules? Carbon Carbon What do we call carbon containing compounds? What do we call carbon containing compounds? Organic Organic What kind and how many bonds can carbon form with other atoms? What kind and how many bonds can carbon form with other atoms? 4 Covalent bonds 4 Covalent bonds

6. What do we call compounds made up of hydrogens and carbons? What do we call compounds made up of hydrogens and carbons? Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons What are the chains of carbons in these compounds called? What are the chains of carbons in these compounds called? Carbon skeletons Carbon skeletons

8. These two molecules have the same formula C 6 H 12 O 6, but different structures. What are they called? These two molecules have the same formula C 6 H 12 O 6, but different structures. What are they called? Isomers Isomers What is different about the structures? What is different about the structures? The location of the oxygen The location of the oxygen

11. What is a functional group? What is a functional group? Anything attached to a carbon skeleton Anything attached to a carbon skeleton What do we call molecules that are polar and attracted to water? What do we call molecules that are polar and attracted to water? Hydrophilic Hydrophilic Copy each functional group and its name Copy each functional group and its name

12. Isomer Lab Sugar Molecular Formula ColorTextureTaste Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose Galactose Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 Lactose Maltose

13. Isomer Lab cont. Hypothesis - Do you think all the sugars will be sweet? Will they all taste the same? Explain your answers. Hypothesis - Do you think all the sugars will be sweet? Will they all taste the same? Explain your answers. Conclusion questions Conclusion questions Did all the sugars taste the same? Did all the sugars taste the same? Which was the sweetest? Which was the sweetest? Which was the least sweet? Which was the least sweet? Explain why there might have been differences Explain why there might have been differences

14. Isomer lab notes To make a sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 requires putting a glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 and fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 together. Can you explain why the numbers do not match? It should be C 12 H 24 O 12 To make a sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 requires putting a glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 and fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 together. Can you explain why the numbers do not match? It should be C 12 H 24 O 12 When you put two molecules together you must remove a water H 2 O. C 12 H 24 O 12 - H 2 O - H 2 O C 12 H 22 O 11 C 12 H 22 O 11

15. This picture shows the making of a polymer from ________. This picture shows the making of a polymer from ________. Monomers Monomers When polymers are made the process is called________ When polymers are made the process is called________ Dehydration synthesis Dehydration synthesis

16. What are the names of the monomers to the left? What are the names of the monomers to the left? Glucose Glucose What polymer was made? What polymer was made? Maltose Maltose From your lab, how is maltose different from glucose? From your lab, how is maltose different from glucose? Taste, color and texture. It is not very sweet, brown and stickier. Taste, color and texture. It is not very sweet, brown and stickier.

20. What is going on in this picture? What is going on in this picture? A polymer is being broken down A polymer is being broken down What is the name of the process? What is the name of the process? Hydrolysis Hydrolysis If I were to break apart DNA or proteins during digestion, what process would I use in my stomach? If I were to break apart DNA or proteins during digestion, what process would I use in my stomach? Hydrolysis Hydrolysis

21. How many carbons in the glucose molecule on the left? How many carbons in the glucose molecule on the left? 6 Is the ring still glucose? Is the ring still glucose? Yes, it still has 6 Carbons Yes, it still has 6 Carbons What are the simplist carbohydrates like glucose and fructose called? What are the simplist carbohydrates like glucose and fructose called? Monosaccharides Monosaccharides All carbohydrates have a common ratio, what is it? All carbohydrates have a common ratio, what is it? CH 2 O CH 2 O

22. Does your data from the lab match the data on the left? Does your data from the lab match the data on the left? For some of you this may be yes, others no For some of you this may be yes, others no

23. What is the name for all the carbohydrate polymers on the left? What is the name for all the carbohydrate polymers on the left? Polysaccharides Polysaccharides What is starch used for? What is starch used for? Energy storage in plants Energy storage in plants What is glycogen used for? What is glycogen used for? Energy storage in animals Energy storage in animals What is cellulose used for? What is cellulose used for? Cell walls of plant cells Cell walls of plant cells What are some of the differences between them? What are some of the differences between them? Cellulose has a lot of branches, Glycogen and starch always have the oxygens on the top of the ring. Cellulose has a lot of branches, Glycogen and starch always have the oxygens on the top of the ring.

24. What type of large molecule is being made here? What type of large molecule is being made here? Lipid (Fat) Lipid (Fat) How many fatty acids are being added to the glycerol? How many fatty acids are being added to the glycerol? 3 How many water would need to be taken out in this dehydration reaction? How many water would need to be taken out in this dehydration reaction? 3, for every bond that is made one water is removed 3, for every bond that is made one water is removed

26. All lipids fear water which is called ______ All lipids fear water which is called ______ Hydrophobic Hydrophobic What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat? What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat? Saturated fats do not have double bonds between carbons but unsaturated fats do. Saturated fats do not have double bonds between carbons but unsaturated fats do.

27. This is a phospholipid, why is it important? This is a phospholipid, why is it important? It makes up cell membranes It makes up cell membranes The phosphate is negative so how will it behave toward water? The phosphate is negative so how will it behave toward water? It is attracted to water It is attracted to water

28. What type of molecule is this? What type of molecule is this? A steroid A steroid What are some steroids? What are some steroids? Cholesterol, male and female hormones like testosterone and estrogen Cholesterol, male and female hormones like testosterone and estrogen What is an anabolic steroid? What is an anabolic steroid? The steroids body builders take to build muscle The steroids body builders take to build muscle

29. What polymer is your hair made up of? What polymer is your hair made up of? Protein Protein What is one of the most important types of proteins? What is one of the most important types of proteins? Enzymes Enzymes How many classes of proteins are there? How many classes of proteins are there? 7 List them List them Signal, structural, enzyme, storage, defensive, transport and contractile Signal, structural, enzyme, storage, defensive, transport and contractile

30. What are the functional groups in this molecule? What are the functional groups in this molecule? Carboxyl and amino Carboxyl and amino What is this molecule called? What is this molecule called? Amino acid Amino acid Amino acids also have a part that is different for each one, what is that called? Amino acids also have a part that is different for each one, what is that called? The R group The R group

31. What is the R group on Cysteine? What is the R group on Cysteine? CH 2 -SH CH 2 -SH What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean? What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean? Hydrophobic - water fearing, hydrophilic- water loving Hydrophobic - water fearing, hydrophilic- water loving

32. What happens when you put two amino acids together? What happens when you put two amino acids together? You lose water and make a peptide bond You lose water and make a peptide bond What two atoms have the peptide bond between them? What two atoms have the peptide bond between them? N and C N and C

33. Every protein has a unique _______ Every protein has a unique _______ Shape Shape When a protein loses its specific shape, it is called ________ When a protein loses its specific shape, it is called ________ Denaturation Denaturation What things can cause denaturation? What things can cause denaturation? Changes in salt concentration, heat and pH Changes in salt concentration, heat and pH

34. The shape of a protein is determined by its _____ The shape of a protein is determined by its _____ Structure Structure The first part of its structure is called the _______ structure The first part of its structure is called the _______ structure Primary Primary Primary structure is the sequence of _________ Primary structure is the sequence of _________ Amino acids Amino acids

36. The next part of a proteins shape is determined by its ______ structure The next part of a proteins shape is determined by its ______ structure Secondary Secondary There are two types ____ and _____ There are two types ____ and _____ Helix and pleated sheets Helix and pleated sheets After the primary structure it immediately folds into the secondary structure because of ______ bonds between the amino acids After the primary structure it immediately folds into the secondary structure because of ______ bonds between the amino acids Hydrogen Hydrogen

38. After the secondary structure the protein immediately folds in the _______ structure After the secondary structure the protein immediately folds in the _______ structure Tertiary Tertiary This is due to the ______ groups interacting This is due to the ______ groups interacting R

40. Some proteins like collagen and hemoglobin fold into _______ structures Some proteins like collagen and hemoglobin fold into _______ structures Quaternary Quaternary These happen when ____ or more peptide chains come together These happen when ____ or more peptide chains come together 2

42. Name the 4 different structures of a protein Name the 4 different structures of a protein Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary Which one is not necessarily part of all proteins? Which one is not necessarily part of all proteins? quaternary quaternary

43. Name the three components of a nucleotide Name the three components of a nucleotide Sugar,nitrogenous base and phosphate group Sugar,nitrogenous base and phosphate group Nucleotides are the monomers of _______ Nucleotides are the monomers of _______ Nucleic acids Nucleic acids

44. What does A always match with? What does A always match with? T What is contained with the DNA? What is contained with the DNA? Genes Genes Every G matches with _______ Every G matches with _______ C

45. DNA structure DNA structure The shape of DNA is described as a ______ The shape of DNA is described as a ______ Double helix Double helix What are the differences between RNA and DNA What are the differences between RNA and DNA RNA - ribose sugar, Uracil instead of Thymine (U instead of T), single strand RNA - ribose sugar, Uracil instead of Thymine (U instead of T), single strand DNA- Deoxyribose, double helix DNA- Deoxyribose, double helix