2. Produces movement Maintains posture Essential body functions : -Heart - Breathing -Digestion -Circulation

9. DELTOID BICEPS LATISSIMUS DORSI TIBIALIS ANTERIOR WRIST FLEXORS WRIST EXTENSORS TRICEPS PECTORALS ABDOMINALS QUADRICEPS GASTROCNEMIUS

10. TRICEPS LATISSIMUS DORSI QUADRICEPS SOLEUS DELTOID TRAPEZIUS GLUTEALS HAMSTRINGS GASTROCNEMIUS BICEPS

11. MUSCLEMAJOR MOVEMENT TRAPEZIUSRaise & adduct scapulae RHOMBOIDSAdduction of scapulae LATISSIMUS DORSIShoulder adduction ERECTOR SPINAETrunk extension PECTORALSShoulder flexion ABDOMINALSTrunk flexion DELTOIDShoulder abduction BICEPSElbow flexion TRICEPSElbow extension WRIST FLEXORSWrist flexion WRIST EXTENSORSWrist extension QUADRICEPSHip flexion / Knee extension HAMSTRINGSHip extension / Knee flexion GLUTEALSHip extension GASTROCNEMIUSPlantar flexion SOLEUSPlantar flexion TIBIALIS ANTERIORDorsi flexion

12. Movement is made possible when muscles contract or shorten and pull on the bones to which they are attached. Muscles work in pairs so that when one muscle contracts to create a desired movement, its “partner” must relax and stretch to allow the bones to move. This process is known as “RECIPROCAL INHIBITION”. Example – When doing a bicep curl up-phase the bicep contracts and shortens and the tricep relaxes and stretches.

15. NEURON dendrites cell body axon nucleus

17. CROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE

18. BUNDLES OF FIBRES

19. CROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE BUNDLES OF FIBRES MUSCLE FIBRES

20. ............................................................ CROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE BUNDLES OF FIBRES MUSCLE FIBRES MYOFIBRILS

21. ............................................................ MUSCLE FIBRES BUNDLES OF FIBRES CROSS SECTION OF A MUSCLE

22. ............................................................ BUNDLES OF FIBRES MUSCLE FIBRES MYOFIBRILS FILAMENTS

23. SARCOMERE Z LINE ACTIN FILAMENTMYOSIN FILAMENT H ZONE A BAND I BAND CROSSBRIDGES

24. 1. Electrical impulse arrives at the relaxed muscle via the CNS

25. 2. Calcium is released which bonds the crossbridges to the ACTIN RELAXED MUSCLE

26. 1. Electrical impulse arrives at the relaxed muscle via the CNS 2. Calcium is released which bonds the crossbridges to the ACTIN RELAXED MUSCLE CROSSBRIDGES BOND TO THE ACTIN FILAMENT

27. 3. Cross bridges begin to pull the ACTIN filaments towards middle

29. 4. Muscle contracts and shortens.

30. 3. Cross bridges begin to pull the ACTIN filaments towards middle 4. Muscle contracts and shortens. CONTRACTED MUSCLE

31. ANIMATION MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle

32. ANIMATION MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle

33. ANIMATION MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle

34. ANIMATION MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle

35. ANIMATION MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle

36. ANIMATION MYOSIN cross bridges sliding the ACTIN filaments and contracting the muscle

37. THE ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE

38. Kicking a ball – the quadriceps contract CONCENTRICALLY

39. MUSCLE FIBRE ARRANGEMENT The biceps is an example of a FUSIFORM MUSCLE. FUSIFORM MUSCLES Fusiform muscles are long and thin. The muscle fibres run the length of the muscle in the same direction as the tendon. Fusiform muscles can contract rapidly but produce low forces.

40. MUSCLE FIBRE ARRANGEMENT UNIPENNATE Fibres on one side of a tendon. Eg: semimembranosis PENNATE MUSCLES * In pennate muscle fibre arrangements the muscle fibres run on angles from the tendons. * A larger number of muscle fibres in this arrangement allows pennate muscles to generate greater forces than fusiform muscles but they are slower. BIPENNATE Fibres on both sides of a tendon. Eg: gastrocnemius MULTIIPENNATE Fibres branch out from a number of tendons. Eg : deltoid

41. Muscles are constructed of two different muscle fibres : Distance runners have a high proportion of slow twitch fibres in their legs.

42. Muscles are constructed of two different muscle fibres : Sprinters have a high proportion of fast twitch fibres in their legs.

44. Slow twitch fast twitch ( Johnson et al 1972 )

45. Slow twitch fast twitch ( Johnson et al 1972 )

46. 1.The muscles mainly responsible for making movements are known as: A/stabilisers. B/antagonists. C/agonists. D/fixators. 2.The muscle responsible for shrugging the shoulders is the: A/ trapezius. B/rhomboids. C/latissimus dorsi. D/pectoralis major. 3.Which pair of muscles does not have an agonist - antagonist relationship ? A/trapezius - rhomboids B/biceps - triceps C/quadriceps - hamstrings D/erector spinae - abdominals

47. 4.Which of these arrangements of muscle fibres allows for the greatest strength ? A/fusiform B/pennate C/skeletal D/smooth 5.The muscle fibres responsible for explosive movements are: A/fast twitch. B/quick twitch. C/slow twitch. D/ballistic twitch. 6.The messages the brain sends to the muscles are: A/chemical. B/electrical. C/mechanical. D/fibrous.

48. 7.When a muscle contracts it becomes: A/shorter. B/longer. C/it can be either of the above. D/it can be neither of the above. 8.In the action of throwing a ball which muscle is contracted ? A/the triceps - concentrically B/the triceps - eccentrically C/the biceps - concentrically D/the biceps - eccentrically 9.In the action of squatting down which muscle group is contracted ? A/the quadriceps - concentrically B/the quadriceps - eccentrically C/the hamstrings - concentrically D/the hamstrings - eccentrically