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4. Characteristics of Helminths Classification and Identification of Helminths Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms Arthropods as Vectors Helminths Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity > Helminths Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology?campaign_content=book_5777_section_130&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Helminths can cause disruption of the hosts nutrient absorption by utilizing all nutrients that pass through the intestinal tract. There are four major groups of parasitic worms: monogeneans, cestodes (tapeworms), nematodes (roundworms), and trematodes (flukes). Helminths are characterized by the presence of attachment organs which include suckers, hooks, lips, teeth, and dentary plates. Characteristics of Helminths Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-evolution-phylogeny-and-diversity-9/helminths-130/characteristics-of-helminths-663- 8412?campaign_content=book_5777_section_130&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Suckers on Taenia solium View on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity > Helminths

6. The major groups of parasitic helminths include: platyhelminths (flatworms), acanthocephalins (thorny-headed worms) cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes) and nematodes (roundworms). The classification and identification of helminths are dependent on numerous factors including body shape, body cavity, body covering, digestive tubing, sex and type of attachment organs. Parasitic worms disrupt the ability of a host to receive and obtain nourishment. Classification and Identification of Helminths Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-evolution-phylogeny-and-diversity-9/helminths-130/classification-and-identification-of-helminths-664- 406?campaign_content=book_5777_section_130&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Helminths View on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity > Helminths

7. Parasitic worms appear to have medicinal properties as well which has opened a new field of research by studying the use of parasitic worms in disease treatment. Scientists hypothesize that parasitic worms can be used to combat autoimmune diseases by damping down the immune system of the host by using parasitic worms to active eosinophils and downstream targets. Parasitic worms have been linked to a protective role in autoimmune disease development and prevention of metabolic syndrome. Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-evolution-phylogeny-and-diversity-9/helminths-130/distribution-and-importance-of-parasitic-worms-665- 4728?campaign_content=book_5777_section_130&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Image of Necator Americanus View on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity > Helminths

8. Arthropods will transmit diseases via their ability to function as hematophagous vectors which is characterized as their ability to feed on blood at some or all stages of their life cycles. Arthropod vectors include mosquitoes, fleas, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites. Arthropods transmit parasites either by injection into the blood stream of the host directly via their salivary glands, or by forcing parasites into a pool of blood which develops when chewing the skin. Arthropods as Vectors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-evolution-phylogeny-and-diversity-9/helminths-130/arthropods-as-vectors-666- 5388?campaign_content=book_5777_section_130&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Male Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) engorged with blood. View on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity > Helminths

9. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

10. Key terms acetabulum A large posterior sucker, for example that of leeches. bothridia A sucker or attachment organ on a parasitic worm. eosinophils a type of white blood cell used to fight parasitic infection helminth A parasitic roundworm or flatworm. hematophagous feeding on blood parasitic worm Parasitic worms are referred to helminths as they live and feed on living hosts. Helminths receive both nourishment and protection by disrupting the hosts ability to absorb nutrients resulting in weakness and disease of the host. tegument A natural covering of the body or of a bodily organ. vector A carrier of a disease-causing agent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity

11. Hookworms An image of a hookworm attached to intestinal mucosa. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Hookworms." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hookworms.JPG View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hookworms.JPGView on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity

12. Suckers on Taenia solium A micrograph showing the morphology of a Taenia solium tapeworm scolex with its four suckers, and two rows of hooks. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Taenia solium tapeworm scolex with its four suckers and two rows of hooks 5262 lores." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taenia_solium_tapeworm_scolex_with_its_four_suckers_and_two_rows_of_hooks_5262_lores.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taenia_solium_tapeworm_scolex_with_its_four_suckers_and_two_rows_of_hooks_5262_lores.jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity

13. Male Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) engorged with blood. Image of Xenopsylla chepsis (oriental rat flea) engorged with blood. The oriental rat flea is an example of an arthropod vector as it is the primary vector of plague. This vector has been the cause of large plague epidemics in Asia, Africa, and South America. Both male and female fleas can transmit the infection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Xenopsylla%20chepsis%20(oriental%20rat%20flea)." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenopsylla_chepsis_(oriental_rat_flea).jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenopsylla_chepsis_(oriental_rat_flea).jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity

14. Image of Necator Americanus Infectious Necator americanus larva are applied to the skin in therapy, either in a single dose or in multiple smaller doses over the course of two or three months. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Necator Americanus L3 x1000 12-2007." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necator_Americanus_L3_x1000_12-2007.jpg View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necator_Americanus_L3_x1000_12-2007.jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity

15. Helminths Image of a tapeworm, specifically an adult Ascaris lumbriocoides worm. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Centers%20for%20Disease%20Control%20and%20Prevention. "CDC%20-%20Parasites%20-%20About%20Parasites." Public domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.html View on Boundless.comPublic domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.htmlView on Boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity Nematodes are commonly transmitted through _____________________. A) soil B) air C) water D) food

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity Nematodes are commonly transmitted through _____________________. A) soil B) air C) water D) food

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity Which of the following are parasitic helminths? A) cestodes B) nematodes C) acanthocephalins D) all of these answers

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity Which of the following are parasitic helminths? A) cestodes B) nematodes C) acanthocephalins D) all of these answers

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity Evidence suggests some parasitic worms are beneficial to humans by reducing the activity of the _________________. A) respitory system B) cardiovascular system C) immune system D) integumentary system

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity Evidence suggests some parasitic worms are beneficial to humans by reducing the activity of the _________________. A) respitory system B) cardiovascular system C) immune system D) integumentary system

22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity Why do many mammalian microbial diseases rely on arthropods as a vector? A) arthropods can often fly B) arthropods often feed on blood C) arthropods are often near water D) arthropods are often insects

23. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity Why do many mammalian microbial diseases rely on arthropods as a vector? A) arthropods can often fly B) arthropods often feed on blood C) arthropods are often near water D) arthropods are often insects

24. Attribution Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "CDC - Parasites - About Parasites." Public domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.html#wormsPublic domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.html#worms Wikipedia. "Helminths." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HelminthsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminths Wiktionary. "acetabulum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acetabulumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acetabulum Wikipedia. "bothridia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bothridiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bothridia Wiktionary. "tegument." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tegumentCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tegument Wikipedia. "Parasitic worm." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm#Use_in_medicineCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm#Use_in_medicine Wikipedia. "Helminthic therapy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthic_therapyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthic_therapy Wiktionary. "eosinophils." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eosinophilsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eosinophils Wikipedia. "Vector (epidemiology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)#ArthropodsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)#Arthropods Wiktionary. "haematophagous." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haematophagousCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haematophagous Wiktionary. "vector." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vectorCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vector Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "CDC - Hookworm." Public domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/index.htmlPublic domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "CDC - Parasites - About Parasites." Public domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.htmlPublic domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "CDC - Trichuriasis." Public domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/index.htmlPublic domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "CDC - Ascariasis." Public domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/index.htmlPublic domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/index.html Wikipedia. "Parasitic worm." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_wormCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm Wiktionary. "helminth." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/helminthCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/helminth Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity

25. Wikipedia. "bothridia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bothridiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bothridia Wikipedia. "parasitic worm." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/parasitic%20wormCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/parasitic%20worm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "CDC - Soil-transmitted Helminths." Public domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sth/Public domain http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sth/ Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Evolution, Phylogeny, and Diversity