1. Lab#2

2. Ca oxalate crystals Has a great importance in identification and differentiation of different plants Formed in plants to get rid of excess calcium salts where it reacts with oxalic acid formed by metabolism of CHO Ca- oxalate crystals precipitate in different shapes and sizes

3. Ca oxalate crystals: Prisms: ( e.g Quillaia) Clusters (rosettes) (e.g Rhubarb) Crystals sheath (e.g Senna) Clusters (e.g Datura) Raphide (e.g Squill) Microsphenoidal (sandy) (e.g Atropa belladonna) Twins (e.g Hoscyamous)

4. Stomata Stomata: Each stomata consists of tow guard cells which guards the ( osteole)

5. Stomata According to the epidermal cells surrounding these guard cells: Anomcytic type: In which stomata is surrounded by same epidermal cells (e.g Digitalis leaf ) Anisocytic type: In which stomata is surrounded by 3 or 4 epidermal cells one is smaller than others e.g: Datura Belladonna Hyoscyamous

6. Stomata Paracytic type: The axis of tow guard cells parallel to osteole ( senna) Diacytic type: The 2 guard cells are located transversely to the central line of the osteole ( mentha)

7. Pollen grains Spiny pollen grains: Pyrethrium Triangular: clove

8. Trichomes (hair) Trichomes Non- glandular Glandular

9. Non glandular hair Simple unicellular hair –Formed of one cell e.g senna ( warty cuticle hair) e.g cannabis (Cystolith hair ) Multicellular hair: a. Uniseriate (formed of one row) e.g datura stramonium b. Collapsed and twisted e.g Digitalis Pyrethrium T-shaped

10. Glandular hair Unicellular head- unicellular stalk e.g Digitalis Multicellular head- multicellular stalk: e.G digitalis Shaggy hair

11. Glandular hair Multicellular head- unicellular stalk e.g Digitalis e.g Mentha (Labiaceous hair) Branched hair e.g Hyoscyamous