1. Research in Communicative Disorders1 Scott Bradley, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

2. Research in Communicative Disorders2 Introduction (chap 1) Why Do We Study Research? Types of Research The Research Study

3. Research in Communicative Disorders3 Why Do We Study Research? Consumers of Research Producers of Research

4. Research in Communicative Disorders4 Types of Research Basic vs. applied research Experimental vs. descriptive research

5. Research in Communicative Disorders5 The Research Study Introduction Title Abstract Introduction/review of the literature Statement of the problem

6. Research in Communicative Disorders6 The Research Study (cont.) Method Subjects Materials/Instrumentation Procedure Results Conclusions and discussion

7. Research in Communicative Disorders7 Research Strategies (chap 2) Variables in Empirical Research Experimental Research Descriptive Research

8. Research in Communicative Disorders8 Variables in Empirical Research Independent & Dependent Variables Active & Attribute Variables Continuous and Categorical Variables

9. Research in Communicative Disorders9 Independent & Dependent Variables Independent variable is presumed cause of the dependent variable. Independent variable is controlled by experimenter Dependent variable is what is measured.

10. Research in Communicative Disorders10 Active & Attribute Variables Active variables are variables that can be manipulated. Active variables are usually associated w/ experimental research Attribute variables are attributes which describe a specific group or condition and can not be actively manipulated Attribute variables are usually associated w/ descriptive research.

11. Research in Communicative Disorders11 Continuous and Categorical Variables Continuous Range along a continuum E.g., age, frequency, dB, rating scale, height Categorical Separate categories E.g., male v. female, conductive loss v. sensori neural loss, disordered language v. normal language.

12. Research in Communicative Disorders12 Experimental Research Characteristics Must have a purpose, research quest. or hypothesis. Control occurrence of events Findings can be replicated Variables may be manipulated.

13. Research in Communicative Disorders13 Experimental Research (cont.) Types of experimental research Bivalent experiments Multivalent experiments Parametric experiments

14. Research in Communicative Disorders14 Bivalent experiments Must contain only two levels or categories of an independent variable. E.g.,.5 mg v..10 mg, males v. females, low pitch v. high pitch, etc. Can lead to erroneous results if an artificial dichotomy exists.

15. Research in Communicative Disorders15 Multivalent experiments More than two levels or categories of the independent variable. Provides a more complete picture of the effects of the independent variable.

16. Research in Communicative Disorders16 Parametric experiments Simultaneous effect of more than one independent variable. Has the advantage of looking at more than one factor and to examine interaction between the independent variables.

17. Research in Communicative Disorders17 Descriptive Research Differences between descriptive and experimental research. Attributes Does not lead to cause & effect relationship Can be as effective as experimental research under certain circumstances

18. Research in Communicative Disorders18 Descriptive Research (cont.) Comparative Research Developmental Research Correlational Research Surveys Case Study, Single Subject, and Retrospective Research

19. Research in Communicative Disorders19 Comparative Research Probably the most common type of descriptive research Problem w/ cause and effect Problem with uncontrolled variables

20. Research in Communicative Disorders20 Developmental Research Examines effect of age or maturation. Designs Cross-sectional Longitudinal Semi-longitudinal

21. Research in Communicative Disorders21 Correlational Research Examines the relationship between two or more variables Purpose of correlational research Examine how closely one variable relates to another Ability to predict one variable from another

22. Research in Communicative Disorders22 Scatterplot

23. Research in Communicative Disorders23 Surveys Purpose Questionnaires v. interviews Pros and Cons

24. Research in Communicative Disorders24 Case Study, Single Subject, Retrospective Case Study Single subject Retrospective

25. Research in Communicative Disorders25 Last Slide