1. CS3431: C-Term 20131 The Entity- Relationship Model Part II. Instructor: Mohamed Eltabakh meltabakh@cs.wpi.edu

2. 2 Entities with Different Attribute Types (Recap) Composite Attribute: address Multivalued Attribute: major Derived Attribute: Age Age Student entity type with all its attributes Age DoB Primitive Attribute: sNumber sNumber

3. Binary Relationships (Recap) 3 supplier sName sLoc consumer cName cLoc product pNumbe r sName sPrice supplies buys date quantity Attributes can be attached to Entity Sets or Relationships

4. 4 Multi-Way Relationships (Recap) Model the relationship Supplier supplies Products to Consumers Ternary relationship (three-way)

5. 5 Recursive Relationship Types and Roles Refer to the same entity set in the relationship Recursive relationship type : Part-Subpart Roles: There are Parts that play the role of superPart There are Parts that play the role of subPart If two entities in the same entity set have a relationship  Recursive relationship

6. Recursive Relationships: Another Example 6 Employees & Managers Employee ID Name Supervise supervisor supervised

7. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 7

8. Keys of Entity Sets Remember entity set is a group of entities with the same type Key of Entity Set Set of attributes that uniquely identify each entity Examples: “Car”  VIN “Person”  SSN “WPI Student”  University ID “US Student”  UniversityName + UnivesityID A key has to be unique within the scope of your application Does not have to be globally unique 8 CustomerCar

9. Types of Keys A super key of an entity set is a set of one or more attributes whose values uniquely determine each entity “Person”  SSN, SSN + FirstName “Account”  AccountNumber + AccountType A candidate key of an entity set is a minimal super key “Person”  SSN “Account”  AccountNumber “US Student”  SSN, UniversityName + UnivesityID Each candidate key is a super key but not vice versa A primary key is one from, possibly several, candidate keys  Pick one and declare it as “primary key” “Student”  SSN, StudentID, FirstName + MiddleName + LastName 9

10. Keys Summary Key combination of one or more attributes that uniquely identify an entity Types: Super key Candidate key Primary key 10 Only primary keys are modeled in ERD

11. Primary Keys in ERD Select only one key to be the primary key Primary key is modeled by “underline” under its set of attributes Good Practice: Select singleton and number fields whenever possible 11

12. 12 Multi-Attributes Primary Key Key for Student is sNumber Key for Movie is We can represent key for entity set consisting of more than one attribute (e.g.: Movie)

13. Keys of Relationships Relationship without attributes The combination of primary keys of the participating entity sets forms a key of a relationship set (customer_id, load_number) is the key of borrower 13

14. Keys of Relationships (Cont’d) Relationship with attributes Attributes of the relationship may (not always) participate inside the key + the external keys (sNumber, cNumber) is the key of Taken 14 Date project Grade

15. Keys of Relationships (Cont’d) Relationship with attributes Attributes of the relationship may (not always) participate inside the key + the external keys (sNumber, cNumber, Date) is the key of Taken 15 Date project Grade In this ERD: student can take the same course on different dates

16. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 16

17. Cardinality Constraints Express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set Most useful in describing binary relationship sets For a binary relationship set the mapping cardinality must be one of the following types: One to one One to many Many to one Many to many 17

18. Mapping Cardinalities 18

19. Mapping Cardinalities (Cont’d) 19

20. Representing Cardinalities in ERD In a relationship: “ ” : Represent “many” (including 0) “ ” : Represent “one” (including 0) “ ”: Represent “one” (must be one) 20 A student is taking “many” courses. A course can be taken by “many” students.

21. One-To-Many Relationship 21

22. One-To-Many Relationship In the one-to-many relationship a loan is associated with at most one customer via borrower, a customer is associated with many (including 0) loans via borrower 22 A customer can take many loans A loan can be taken by one (and at least one) customer

23. Many-To-One Relationship 23

24. Many-To-One Relationship In a many-to-one relationship a loan is associated with many (including 0) customers via borrower, a customer is associated with at most one loan via borrower 24 A customer can take at most one loan A loan can be taken by many customers

25. Many-To-Many Relationship In a many-to-many relationship a loan is associated with many (including 0) customers via borrower, a customer is associated with many loan via borrower 25

26. 26 Degree of Cardinalities How : Expressed using (min, max) Student can take many courses, and a course can be taken by many students Student can take 0 to 5 courses, and a course can be taken by 3 to 60 students (3, 60) (0, 5)

27. 27 Cardinality Constraints for Recursive Relationships A Part may contain many subparts A Part can be subpart in many superParts Contains Part pName pNumber subPartsuperPart quantity

28. 28 Cardinality Constraints for Recursive Relationships A Part can have many subParts A Part can be subpart for at most one superPart

29. Revisit this example… 29 Employees & Managers ….. Add cardinalities Employee ID Name Supervise supervisor supervised Semantics: Manager can supervise many employees Employee is supervised by one manager

30. 30 Cardinality Constraints for Multi-way Relationships Every Supplier supplies some Product to some Consumer Supplier sName sLoc Consumer cName cLoc Supply price Product pName pNumber qty To add degree constraints, introduce a new entity set and create multiple binary relationships !!!

31. Adding Cardinality Constraints to Multi-way Relationships 31 Supplier sName sLoc Consumer cName cLoc price Product pName pNumber qty Supp_Cons_ Prod What is the key of this entity ??? (Weak Entity) supplies consumes in

32. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 32

33. Weak Entity Sets An entity set that does not have a primary key is referred to as a weak entity set Its attributes are not enough to form a key The existence of a weak entity set depends on the existence of an identifying entity set It must relate to the identifying entity set via a total, one-to-many relationship set from the identifying to the weak entity set 33 Course number is unique only within the department Weak entity set Identifying entity set

34. Weak Entity Sets Discriminator (or partial key) of a weak entity set The set of attributes that uniquely identify a weak entity given its identifying entity Primary key of a weak entity set The composition of the primary key of the identifying entity set + the weak entity set’s discriminator Identifying entity has to exist for each weak entity Cannot have a course without a corresponding department (dNumber, cNumber) is the primary key for Course 34 discriminator

35. Representing a Weak Entity Set Weak entity set is represented by double rectangles Weak relationship (supporting relationship) is represented by double diamonds Weak relationship is one-many from the weak entity to the identifying entity 35

36. Again: It Depends on Your Application/Assumptions If you assume the course number is unique within a department “Course”  is a weak entity set If you assume the course number is unique across all departments “Course”  is a strong entity set 36 Course offers Stating your assumptions in text is very important !!!

37. Revisit Previous Example … 37 Supplier sName sLoc Consumer cName cLoc price Product pName pNumber qty Supp_Cons_ Prod Weak Entity supplies consumes in

38. What about an Exercise !!! Lets interactively design a database for a Hotel 38

39. Example: Hotel Database A Hotel has many branches Hotel  name, logo, address of HQ, Tel., manager, star rating Branch  Id, address, Tel., Total capacity Each branch has many rooms with different types and numbers. A room type defines Room size, Number of beds Has TV or not, Has Balcony or not Guests can stay in a hotel for a period of time Guests have unique ID, name, address, Tel. We need to capture, the length of the stay, start date, end date, money paid 39

40. 40 Hotel Name HQ Add.Manager Rating Tel. Branch ID Add. Tel. Capacity Room Num Type Num Beds Capacity Has TV Has Balcony Ver. 1 Observations: Room type is modeled as attribute (causes redundancy) Room number, is it numeric like 1001? If so, how come to be unique across branches?

41. 41 Hotel Name HQ Add.ManagerRatingTel.BranchIDAdd.Tel.CapacityType Num BedsCapacityHas TVHas Balcony Ver. 2 Observations: Lets add relationships RoomNum

42. 42 Hotel Name HQ Add.ManagerRatingTel.BranchIDAdd.Tel.CapacityType Num BedsCapacityHas TVHas Balcony Ver. 3 RoomNum has Of type contains Common mistake: Do not add “Branch ID” as an attribute to “Room” entity set. It is already captured by the weak relationship “contains”.

43. Back to the Requirements A Hotel has many branches Hotel  name, logo, address of HQ, Tel., manager, star rating Branch  Id, address, Tel., Total capacity Each branch has many rooms with different types and numbers. A room type defines Room size, Number of beds Has TV or not, Has Balcony or not Guests can stay in a hotel for a period of time Guests have unique ID, name, address, Tel. We need to capture, the length of the stay, start date, end date, money paid 43

44. 44 Hotel Name HQ Add.ManagerRatingTel.BranchIDAdd.Tel.CapacityType Num BedsCapacityHas TVHas Balcony Ver. 4 RoomNum has Of type contains Guest ID Add. Tel. Name Money Paid Length of stayStart date End date Observations: “Stay” attributes should not be part of “Guest”

45. 45 Hotel Name HQ Add.ManagerRatingTel.BranchIDAdd.Tel.CapacityType Num BedsCapacityHas TVHas Balcony Ver. 5 RoomNum has Of type contains Guest ID Add. Tel. Name Money Paid Length of stay Start date End date Stays in Observations: Still not quite right.. “Stays-in” 1-M or M-M?? (Guest should be able to stay in diff. rooms)

46. 46 Hotel Name HQ Add.ManagerRatingTel.BranchIDAdd.Tel.CapacityType Num BedsCapacityHas TVHas Balcony Ver. 6 RoomNum has Of type contains Guest ID Add. Tel. Name Money Paid Length of stay Start date End date Stays in Observations: Not done yet… In this model, a guest cannot stay in the same room over diff visits!!!

47. 47 Hotel Name HQ Add.ManagerRatingTel.BranchIDAdd.Tel.CapacityType Num BedsCapacityHas TVHas Balcony Ver. 7 RoomNum has Of type contains Guest ID Add. Tel. Name Money Paid Length of stay Start date End date Stays in Observations: Start_date  part of key Length of stay  derived attribute

48. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 48

49. ISA Relationship Types Similar to “subclass” concept in Object-Oriented languages Entity sets share some common attributes but differ in others Sometimes called “Specialization/Generalization” Example Students can be UGStudents or GradStudents UGStudents take undergrad Classes GradStudents can be TAs or RAs GradStudents are advised by Professors 49

50. ISA Example 50 All attributes of “student” are inherited in the other entity sets Each entity set, e.g., “Freshman”, can have its own additional attributes

51. ISA Relationship Types (Cont’d) Top-down design process Build entities with the common attributes, then build sub-entities with distinctive attributes from other entities in the set These sub-entities become lower-level entity sets that have attributes or participate in relationships that do not apply to the general higher-level entity set In ERD, represented by a triangle component labeled ISA (E.g. customer “is a” person) Attribute inheritance Lower-level entity set inherits all the attributes and relationship participation of the higher-level entity set to which it is linked 51

52. More Complete Example 52

53. More Complete Example 53 Attributes of Person: Attributes of Student: Attributes of Technician: SSN, Name, DOB SSN, Name, DOB, GPA, StartDate SSN, Name, DOB, Salary, Department, Specialization

54. Multiple ISA Relationships Can have multiple specializations of an entity set based on different features 54 Permanent Emp Temporary Emp ISA

55. ISA Relationship: Constraints Three types of constraints Membership: To which entity set an entity belongs Overlapping: can an entity belong to multiple subclasses or not Completeness: Does each super entity have to belong to one (or more) subclasses 55

56. ISA Relationship: Membership Constraint on which entities can be members of a given lower-level entity set Denoted in ERD on the ISA edge 56 Year = 1 Year = 2 Year = 3 Year = 4 Year

57. ISA Relationship: Overlapping Constraint on whether or not entities may belong to more than one lower-level entity set within a single generalization. Disjoint An entity can belong to only one lower-level entity set Overlapping An entity can belong to more than one lower-level entity set Denoted in ERD by writing “disjoint” or “overlapping” next to ISA triangle, by default  “disjoint” 57 disjoint

58. ISA Relationship: Completeness Specifies whether or not an entity in the higher-level entity set must belong to at least one of the lower-level entity sets within a generalization Total : An entity must belong to one of the lower-level entity sets Partial: An entity need not belong to one of the lower-level entity sets 58 Total

59. Another Example 59 Partial, Overlapping

60. ISA Relationship: Multiplicity ISA relationship is always 1-1 (even though its notation is arrows without heads) 60

61. ISA Relationship: Keys Key of sub-entities is inherited from the super entities 61 SSN is the primary key for Person, Student, Employee, Freshman, Technician, and all other sub-entities

62. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 62

63. Summary of Symbols used in ERD 63

64. 64 Coming up with a good design for your application No single right design, there can be many… Put clear, reasonable assumptions and make a design that captures the assumptions Without stating the assumptions, others can claim your design is wrong !!! It is like art, common sense and experience make a difference The simplest design that captures the requirements is the best

65. 65 Guidelines Toward a Good Design (I) Convey “real” application requirements Utilize meaningful names for Entity sets, attributes, relationships Avoid redundancy, do not store the same data in multiple places Be as precise as possible (E.g., cardinality constraints) Don’t over specify (limits input) Know when to add attributes to entity sets vs. relationships

66. Examples 66 Room Num Type Num Beds Capacity Has TV - The room “capacity, Num Beds, has TV” attributes they all depend on the type. So why repeat them with each room. - The “type” should be a separate entity set (slide 42) - The room “capacity, Num Beds, has TV” attributes they all depend on the type. So why repeat them with each room. - The “type” should be a separate entity set (slide 42) Customer Loan Bank take offer NumSSN ID -The relationship “lend” is redundant and should not be there -The relation between a customer and a bank is already captured by the two other relationships -The relationship “lend” is redundant and should not be there -The relation between a customer and a bank is already captured by the two other relationships lend X

67. M-M Relationships vs. An Entity Set 67 StudentCourse taking Num M-M Relationship between E1 and E2 can be always broken to: A new entity set E3 (usually weak entity set) 1-M relationship between E1 and E3 1-M relationship between E2 and E3 Both are correct use either one ID Dategrade Student Course Num ID Dategrade Registration Involve include

68. Do not overuse ISA relationship 68 There are always some commonalities between things  this does not mean they should inherit from common ancestor Use it only if there is a substantial overlap in attributes (and possibly relationships) Student Prof - No need for an entity set “Person” from which both “Prof” and “Student” inherit

69. Strong vs. Weak Entity Sets Avoiding weak entities is better ( If no semantics is lost) You may add unique keys 69 HotelBranch has ID Name Hotel Branch has ID Name - Should always favor the left design over the right one (unless explicitly stated otherwise)

70. Do not overuse multi-way relationships They are harder to understand and interpret Can be broken by introducing new entity set and several 1- M relationships Avoid multi-way relationship Avoid weak entity set

71. ERD Cannot Capture Everything… Some business constraints will not be captured in the design. For example: For a customer to get a load, the sum of the previous loans to him/her must be < MaxLoan A student cannot take the same course more than 2 times A student cannot re-take a course that (s)he already passed 71

72. Find the wrong things ??? 72 car ColorName colorID VINMake Model Customer IDDoB Name Car-feature FeatureName contains buys Date CarMiles Age Price Loan amount number Bank takes Date = A customer can buy many cars = A customer may take a loan to buy a specific car

73. From the Previous Example ColorId & ColorName (cause redundancy & inconsistency) Car can have one feature (wrong cardinality)---should be many Car-feature has one attribute (should not be an entity)---make it attr. CarMiles should be attached to the car (not to the relationship) Age should be a derived attribute A car should be bought by one (or zero) customers (the arrow head should be closed) Loan and Car are not linked together (buys should be 3-way) Or create a new entity set “Contract” and link it to the three entity sets 73

74. 74 Summary of ER Model Concepts Entity, Entity Sets, Weak Entity Sets Relationships Types binary, ternary, multi-way, recursive, weak, ISA Attributes For entity sets or relationship types Simple, composite, derived, multi-valued Constraints – key, cardinality Guidelines for Good Design