1. The Science of Dreams Presentation by Charles Beaman MD/PhD Student UT Health

2. Are Dreams Important? 2 Nobel Prizes Otto Loewi Chemical Transmission of Nerve Impulses Neils Bohr Structure of Atoms and Quantum Mechanics

3. How Do We Measure Dreams?

4. Stages of Sleep

5. Two Types of Dreams Stages of Sleep NREM REM

6. Alpine Racer 2

7. Dreaming in Rats Now we can actually LISTEN to the Neurons in the brain

8. Dreaming in Rats

9. Rats in the Maze

10. Dreaming in Rats

11. NREM Dreaming REM Dreaming Compressed in Time Scale (1 sec of dream equals 10 of reality) Practice Learned skills Expanded Time Scale Simulations? Testing Future Possibilities

12. Why Do We have Nightmares?

13. How Does My Lab Measure Dreams?

14. Electrocorticoraphy Intractable Epilepsy Patients Patients in the Hospital for about 1 week We can use this time window to study Sleep

15. Local Sleep

16. The Dream-Reading Machine

17. Neural Decoding of Visual Imagery During Sleep T. Horikawa, M. Tamaki, Y. Miyawaki, Y. Kamitani ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan

18. Task Design Awoken every 5-6 minutes

19. Outline of Sleep (Nap) Experiment 3 subjects 1 pm to 5:30 pm fMRI scans + EEG, EOG, EMG, and ECG Usually last 90 minutes over 7 days  > 200 awakenings with visual report Subject awakened after single epoch of alpha- wave suppression and theta-wave (ripple) occurrence (Stage 1 sleep)

20. Success with Awakening at Appropriate Time 235 awakenings 198 awakenings 186 awakenings

21. Example of Verbal Reports Reports lasted 34 +- 19 seconds They also collected a “Vividness” and subjective timing of each event, but did not use this data Non-visual reports were classified as: thought (active thinking), forgot, non-visual, and no report

22. Visual Content Labeling - WordNet Based on Synonymy – 117,000 “synsets” that are sets of related words They assigned all reports to synsets.

23. Base Synsets – Common, specific semantically exclusive and specific

24. Visual Stimulus Experiment Used ImageNet – 240 images per base synset Placed in center of screen, subjects freely viewed images without fixation fMRI recorded for each base synset 9 second stimulus block, 6 images sampled from one synset,.75 s with.75 s interleaved blanks Followed by 6 s rest period ~40 blocks per base synset were recorded

25. Area of Brain Studied Higher Visual Cortex – ventral region covering lateral occipital complex, fusiform face area, and parahippocampal area (1000 voxels) Lower Visual Cortex – V1 to V3 (1000 voxels) Subareas (400 voxels)

26. Pairwise Decoding Binary classifier was first trained on fMRI data to 2 base synsets, then tested on sleep samples Containing exclusively 1 of the 2 synsets

27. Multilabel Decoding

28. Videos http://www.sciencemag.org.ezproxyhost.libra ry.tmc.edu/content/suppl/2013/04/03/scienc e.1234330.DC1/1234330s1.mov http://www.sciencemag.org.ezproxyhost.libra ry.tmc.edu/content/suppl/2013/04/03/scienc e.1234330.DC1/1234330s1.mov http://www.sciencemag.org.ezproxyhost.libra ry.tmc.edu/content/suppl/2013/04/03/scienc e.1234330.DC1/1234330s2.mov http://www.sciencemag.org.ezproxyhost.libra ry.tmc.edu/content/suppl/2013/04/03/scienc e.1234330.DC1/1234330s2.mov

29. Sleep Types