1. Baroque Music 1600-1760 Centered in Germany Elaborate, complex techniques Many cantatas, concertos oratorios and some operas Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) (Mass in B Minor, St. Matthew’s Passion) George Frederick Handel (1685-1759) (Famous for his oratorio the Messiah)

2. Classical Music (1730-1820) Shift to Austria Greater use of orchestras and operas Franz Joseph Haydn (1732- 1809): “Master of the symphony” 104 symphonies Two oratorios: The Creation and the Seasons

3. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Child prodigy who lived to compose numerous operas, concertos, and symphonies Operas such as the Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and the Magic Flute

4. Development of the Novel Decisive time in the development of the novel Samuel Richardson –Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (1740) Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones (1749) Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe (1719)

5. Enlightenment History 1. Removed God even more than the humanists did 2. Focused on other components besides politics 3. Note Voltaire’s The Age of Louis XIV 4. Viewed history as a way to civilize their society. Criticized religious influences--note Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. “First modern historian.”

6. The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century What’s the difference between high and low? Characteristics Increased readership and publishing. How does this lead to independence for author’s?

7. Development of magazines and newspapers for the general public –Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s Spectator –Female Spectator –First newspaper in London (1702) ; by 1780 37 towns had their own papers Education and Universities-- schools shifted focus Realschule in Berlin in 1747. Wear did most scientific discoveries occur?

8. Crime and Punishment Punishment in the eighteenth century--shift from brutal torture to a system of rehabilitation Cesare Beccaria (1738- 1794), On Crimes and Punishments –Punishment should serve only as deterrent Punishment moved away from spectacle towards rehabilitation

9. World of Medicine University of Leiden: replaced the U of Padua in the early 17th-c; U. of Vienna then rose to prominence Royal College of Physicians--few physicians licensed Barber-surgeons separated in the 18th century. Surgeons began to be licensed. Apothecaries, midwives, and faith healers--medical care for the common people Hospital conditions--not good.

10. Popular Culture Festivals, carnivals, and fairs--carnival Gathering places –Taverns and Alcohol The gap between high culture and popular culture-- upper class abandoned popular culture between 1500 and 1800

11. Literacy and Primary Education –Spread of literacy--increase among the urban populations, especially the middle and upper class –State-supported primary schools: Volkschulen in the Austrian Empire and some schools in Protestant countries (Scotland, Saxony, Swiss cantons, etc. ) –Hannah More

12. Enlightement Art, etc. Part 2