1. Deception

2. Camoflage (crypsis)  To be effective – it must be linked with appropriate behaviour (Eg – select background and not move)

3. Camoflage (crypsis)  To be effective – it must be linked with appropriate behaviour (Eg – select background and not move)  Eg – Eggs and chicks of ground-nesting birds rely on this to avoid detection.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgDE2DOICuc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgDE2DOICuc

4. Counter shading  Open water fish (kahawai) have silver undersides and dark on top – this makes them less visible against the light background when seen from below and the darkness below when seen from above.

5. Batesian mimicry  A good tasting (palatable) animal (the mimic) resembles a bad-tasting (unpalatable) one (the model).

6. Batesian mimicry  A good tasting (palatable) animal (the mimic) resembles a bad-tasting (unpalatable) one (the model).  This gives the mimic protection as the predator associates the colouration with the gross taste.

7. Batesian mimicry  A good tasting (palatable) animal (the mimic) resembles a bad-tasting (unpalatable) one (the model).  This gives the mimic protection as the predator associates the colouration with the gross taste.  Eg – Monarch butterfly is distasteful and the viceroy mimics it’s colouration.

8. Mullerian mimicry  No distinction between model and mimic – several bad tasting species resembling one another.

9. Mullerian mimicry  No distinction between model and mimic – several bad tasting species resembling one another.  It is easier for predators to avoid them altogether.

10. Diversion of attack  Many butterflies have spots on their wings which look like eyes – this diverts the predator.

11. Autonomy  Shedding of a body part – Eg – all NZ lizards can lose their tails and regenerate them later.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2JdRPKYyTc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2JdRPKYyTc