1. Cultivating Interest in Allanblackia Tony Simons, ICRAF, Kenya SII Training Course, October 2006

2. 1.Planting 2.Managing 3.Trials 4.Pilot tree planting Cultivating Interest in Allanblackia

3. 1. Planting 1.What to plant (cuttings, seedlings, size) 2.Where to plant (farm, forest, community land) (shade/sun) 3. How to plant (design, planting holes, timing) 4. Motivation to plant

4. Years to fruit Size of treeMultiplication rate per year Seeds10-1220-30m5000 Rooted cuttings - Tree stump 3-44-8m200 Rooted cuttings - Mother block 3-45-8m4000 Marcots1-24-6m20 Grafts2-33-4m100

5. Young tree with fruits 4.0m height 12cm dbh 5 years 20 fruits

6. Where to plant?

7. Wet site Dry site

8. no yes Planting grafted seedlings

9. Field planting designs 1.Single scattered trees (in crop fields, mixed tree systems, enrichment) 2. Line planting (borders, contours, crop fields) 3. Block planting (corner of farm, under-utilised land, community land)

10. Single tree broad crown Block of trees narrow crown

11. Single tree narrow crown Block of trees narrow crown

12. Single tree broad crown Single tree narrow crown Allanblackia

13. 2. Management of trees We have no concrete information on Allanblackia needs - spacing - thinning - watering - pruning - fertilising - shading - microsymbionts - What can we learn from similar species? - What is our expert opinion? - What do we want to investigate as we scale up?

14. 2. Management of trees Similar species Botanically – Clusiaceae (e.g. Garcinia) Phytogeographically –Treculia Tree form – Durio Fruit size – Pouteria, Artocarpus

15. Durio zibethinus

17. 6m x 6m spacing

19. Annona

20. Manilkara

22. Treculia africana

23. Artocarpus heterophyllus

26. Kilograms of fertilizer per hectare of crop land 119 to 4,800 63 to 118 26 to 62 5.00 to 25 0 to 4.99 Cameroon – 4 kg/ha Ghana – 3 kg/ha Nigeria – 9 kg/ha Tanzania – 10kg/ha

27. Nutrient content (kg per ha) for cocoa and AB 1 - Ghana national cocoa average (Joeffre, 2006) 2 – Allanblackia stuhlmanii average of 12 fruit; (Munjuga & Mwaura, unpubl.) assumes 625 AB trees per ha, 30 fruit per tree, 3 fruit per kg seeds NPKTotals Combined Totals Cocoa Seeds21.18.630.860.5 127 Pods144.248.366.5 AB Seeds50.861.437.29 29 Pods15.30.965.4621.72 23%

29. Yellowing in wildings - No fine roots - mycorhizae? NPK Green1.63%0.098%1.58% Yellow1.3%0.14%0.83%

30. Evaluation trials Trials cost in terms of both time and money, so: Why is the trial needed? How many treatments do I need/have? What do you plan to measure? How often? Has anyone else researched this before? How long is the trial envisaged to last? What will the trial lead to? Can it be done satisfactorily on farm?

31. Advantages of work on station Ease of access, more frequent monitoring Nursery is usually closer, planting done quicker Better control of the conditions (water, weeds, etc) Need for fewer replicates as less variable site Better security (theft, interference, fire) Fewer constraints on what is permissible Gain understanding before going on farm Trials can be larger and/or more complicated Visitors can see many trials in one place Often historical records (field and climate) May have a conservation role (don’t over play)

32. Disadvantages of work on station May be unrepresentative of farmers’ conditions - lead to false conclusions for on farm work - farmers don’t relate to it - the control treatment may be misleading Can be expensive to maintain Researchers can be reluctant to close trials Default time fillers for labourers

33. Types of trials A. Species trials B. Species/provenance trials C. Provenance tests D. Provenance/family trials E. Family (progeny) tests F. Clonal trials G. Management trials

34. Provenance tests expect 2-5 fold differences between provenances ensure seedlot has broad genetic base (>30 parent trees) depending on objectives and species, then need 100-400 trees is the material well documented? can you get more seed if it is needed? do you plan to convert the trial to a seed stand? where most G x E tests are done (interpret/use?) hard to do on farm

35. Family (progeny) tests Used for calculating genetic parameters (s.e.) - these are age, site, population, trait specific Used to identify best families (backward seln - cso) Used to identify next parents (forward seln) Used for phenology studies, breeding system Require >30 families, many more for family seln Generally require >20 trees per family

36. Clonal trials To observe clonal differences for selection To determine clonal repeatability To determine any “c” effects Can be used for clonal seed orchards, if rogue Can be used to set up mother blocks, if rogue Good for mating system experiments

37. Clonal Trials

39. Square plots (measured trees/total) 3 x 3 (1/9) 4 x 4 (4/16) 5 x 5 (9/25) 6 x 6 (16/36) 7 x 7 (25/49) 8 x 8 (36/64)

40. Management trials careful to ensure relevance to on-farm conditions can investigate individual factors and interactions: - spacing - thinning - watering - pruning - fertilising - shading - microsymbionts - topworking, grafting, budding - nursery carry-over experiments

41. It is desirable if you can carry your blocking through from the nursery to the field.

42. Who is the farmer?

43. Farmer surveys, Tanzania, TFCG (Aug 2004) 5 villages around Amani Nature Reserve all 110 households surveyed know the tree in Msambu 79% of farmers have trees on their farms 21% no trees 60% 1-10 trees 14% 11-20 trees 5% > 20 trees only one farmer raising seedlings 83% willing to plant if seedlings were available (at price US$0.05 to US$0.20) all villages had small-scale nurseries other tree species included Artocarpus, Cedrela, Grevillea most seedlings sell for US$0.10 to US$0.25, coffee up to US$0.50 farmers who wanted to raise Allanblackia seedlings included: 17% sell all seedlings raised 26% only raise enough to plant on their farms 52% plant on-farm and sell excess 5% undecided

44. TARGET AREA = 200,000 farmers Reach with info and germplasm Say 60% % who test or adopt % of early adopters or testers On a single farm Maximum final area to Allanblackia First test area Second expansion area Third expansion area calculate

45. Village tree planting launch May 2006, Tanzania

46. Initial tree planting in areas Where communities already sensitised in collection of seeds

47. Presided over by government officials - Explained well to communities

48. District Forest Officer Did first Allanblackia planting

49. Then farmers dispersed to their farms to do the same

50. Farmer planting Allanblackia in his/her own farm - Paid US$0.15 after 1 st year - Paid US$0.15 after 2 nd year - only if surviving - advised farmers they are part of research effort, not for free

52. Involvement of local Forest officers is important

56. Ghana planting - FORIG

57. AB planting in Ghana

58. First cuttings weaned Ghana

65. Caution when transplanting

66. Don’t plant seedlings too early

67. Ideal seedling 4 leaf nodes, > 20cm, no bent root, good root system No mycorhizae problem, no fungal leaf spot

74. Use 1 to 2 litre nursery bags

75. Can link up with other planting initiatives (e.g. Mars cocoa)

76. 5-50 trees per ha 30 fruit per tree 1 st harvest 4 years Full harvest 7 years US$1.50 per tree per year Replace 25-40 years Vision of small-holder production

77. Vision 10m x 10m spacing 100 trees per ha 70% field survival Average farmer 50 trees Mix seedlings (%) & cuttings (%) 10-25m seedlings – fruit 12 years 4-8m cuttings – fruit 4 years

78. 16 month old seedling planted on Harrison Adoo’s farm Ideal for field grafting with female scion at next rains Integration in agroforestry systems

79. TaskTimingWho? (and others e.g. Forest Dept) 1Prepare nursery training materialsOct to Nov 05ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, ARI, TAFORI 2Training in nursery managementNov to Dec 05ANR, TFCG, TAFORI, FM, ICA, 3Prepare shaded nursery beds (3-4m 2 )Jan to Mar 06Nursery operator 4Collect and pre-treat seedsDec 05 to Feb 06ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, TAFORI, ARI 5Distribute/ supervise sowing 15kgs pre-treated seedsJan 06 to Mar 06ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,Nursery operator 6Water and monitor bedsMar 06 toNursery operator, ANR, TFCG, TAFORI, 7Check on progress and distribute polybagsMar 06 to Sep 06ANR, TFCG, TAFORI, 8Fill 200 polybags, prepare shaded 2-3 m 2 shaded areaSep 06 & Mar 07Nursery operator 9Prick out germinants/emergentsSep 06 & Mar 07Nursery operator; ANR, TFCG, TAFORI 10Pay nursery operators on transplants (TSh 150)Oct 06 & Apr 07ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA 11Check on nursery progressOct 06 onwardsANR, TFCG, TAFORI 12Prepare cultivation guidelinesSep 06ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, ARI, TAFORI 13Identify and sensitise farmers to plant seedlingsNov to Dec 06ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA 14Collect and pay for seedlings (Tsh350)Mar 07 & Oct 07ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA 15Distribute seedlings, enter in agreements on subsidiesMar 07 & Oct 07ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA 16Supervise plantingMar 07 & Oct 07ANR, TFCG, TAFORI 17Monitor progress, back-up adviceMar 07 onwardsANR, TFCG, TAFORI, 18Pay annual subsidyMar & Oct 08 then annual x3 FM, INADES, ICA Seedlings

80. seedlingscuttingstotal 20065000 200750,000200052,000 2008100,00010,000110,000 2009200,00020,000220,000 201050,000 100,000 201110,000100,000110,000 201210,000100,000110,000 20135000200,000205,000 20145000200,000205,000 20155000300,000305,000 20165000200,000205,000 total455,0001,182,0001,637,000

81. Vegetative Propagation

82. - Great start, well done - assumption 50% survival (??) - start monitoring and recording (0-82 shoots) - re-assess how many will produce sufficient cuttings - next aspect is central stock plant area (where?) - when harvest first cuttings - build propagators 1 per 3 sprouting trees (where?) - lot of follow-up required - explain reasons better

85. Translate for Nigeria, Ghana

86. Prick out leaders to get more bushy resprouts and hence more cuttings

87. Don’t cut in dry season or too high or biggest tree

88. Research on establishment, niches -Where do farmers plant them? - Average number planted? - survival (%) after 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd years - growth (height and diameter) - effect of propagule type on growth (form, root structure) - effect of initial propagule size on growth - effect of shade on growth