1. World geography
Nov. 25, 2014

2. Remaining schedule
Unit 8 – Urban Geography Unit 9 – Industry and Services Unit 10 – Human Environment

3. Last Tuesday
Yeungdae
Kmuland
Kaclandia

4. Questions
- What is this state’s major industry? - How dependent is the new state on its former colonizer (France) - Does Kaclandia have natural resources. If so, where are they located? - What is Kaclandia’s population? What are its demographics (especially its labor force)? - Does the new state plan on building new religious structures?

5. Today
Unit 8 (Urban Geography)

6. Some basic terms
City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central city and suburbs) Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen very quickly in the modern world

7. Global Urban Population

8. Australia

9. Where are cities located and why?
Site
Absolute location
Static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion
Situation
Relative location
A city’s place in the region and the world around it
Trade area: An adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant

10. Trade Areas

11. Rank-size rule Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy
The population of the city or town is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million

12. Primate city
The leading city of a country, disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities Factors affecting primate cities: - spread of colonialism - strong centralized government - economic factors - rural-urban migration - efficiency of modern transport

13. Advantages of primate cities
- Economies of large scale can be achieved because these cities attract overseas investment and benefits that can benefit the entire country/state. - Attractive places of migration. - Resources, services, and infrastructure available on a large scale.

14. Problems faced by primate cities
- housing shortages - traffic congestion - crime - pollution - increase in land value (unaffordable housing) - imbalance in development

15. Primate cities - examples
- France: Paris (popn. 9.6 million) Marseilles, France’s next largest city (popn. 1.3 million) - U.K.: London (popn. 7 million) Next largest city (Birmingham) popn. 1 million. - South Korea: Seoul (popn. 10 million) % of the country’s population.

16. Countries without primate cities
- India: Most populous city = Mumbai (16 million) second most populous: Kolkata (13 million) - China, Canada, Australia, Brazil, U.S.

17. Central Place Theory (Christaller)
- Predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially distributed
- Assumes that
Surface is flat with no physical barriers
Soil fertility is the same everywhere
Population and purchasing power are evenly distributed
Region has uniform transportation network
From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance

18. Hexagonal Hinterlands
C = city
T = town
V = village
H = hamlet

20. Georgia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina

21. Organization of Cities and how Cities Function
Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain functions (purposes)

22. Zones of a city Zones - Central business district (CBD)
- Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
- Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)

23. Zones of a city

24. Zones of a city

25. Zones of a city

26. Zones of a city
Modeling the North American city - Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) - Sector model (Homer Hoyt) - Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

27. Classical models of urban structure

28. Edge cities
Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, including - Office complexes - Shopping centers - Hotels - Restaurants - Entertainment facilities - Sports complexes

29. Urban Realms model
Each realm a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework

30. Satellite cities
Seoul Capital Area

31. Satellite cities
Example: Seoul Capital Area (Sudogwon) - Central city is Seoul (“Seoul Special City”) Satellite cities include: - Incheon - Suwon - Ansan - Anyang - Goyang - Seongnam - Bucheon - Yongin
The Seoul Capital Area is the world’s second largest metropolitan area popn. 25,000,000

32. Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
Latin America

33. Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
Griffin-Ford model
Blend of Latin American traditions with globalization
Disamenity sectors
Not connected to city services
May be controlled by gangs and drug lords
Industrial park
Gentrification area

35. Example: Rio De Janeiro (Brazil)

36. Industrial park

37. Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
Subsaharan Africa De Blij model - Low levels of urbanization but rapid growth rates - European colonial imprint

38. Nairobi, Kenya

39. Accra, Ghana

40. Abidjan, Ivory Coast

41. Cape Town, South Africa

42. Satellite township: Cape Town

43. Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
McGee model
- Colonial port and surrounding commercial zone as focal point

44. Functional zonation – real-life example
Xiamen

47. How people make cities
Role of powerful social and cultural forces Periphery and semi-periphery: - Sharp contrast between rich and poor - Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws

48. Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Redlining: Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price to an African American and then soliciting white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight”

49. Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood

50. Gentrification (Harlem, New York)

51. Gentrification (Harlem, New York)

52. Gentrification (Harlem, New York)

53. Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Commercialization: City government transforming a central city to attract residents and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central city

54. Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing them down to build much larger homes McMansions: Large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot

55. Mcmansions

56. Mcmansions

57. Mcmansions

58. Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Urban Sprawl: Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

59. Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Urban Sprawl:

60. New Urbanism
Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
Concerns:
- Privatization of public spaces
- Failure to address conditions that create social ills of cities
- Countering urban sprawl

61. New Urbanism

63. Next Class
- Wrap up Unit 8 - Introduce Unit 9 (Industries and Services)