1. Vaccines: Historical Perspective  Immunity - state of protection from an infectious disease.  430 BC – Greek historian Thucydides - Athenian plague  15 th century – Chinese attempts to induce immunity  1718 – Mary Wortley Montagu – innoculated her children  1798 – Edward Jenner – milkmaids and cowpox/smallpox

2. Vaccines: Historical Perspective  early 1880’s – Cholera and chickens Attenuation hypothesis  1881 – Testing the hypothesis with anthrax and sheep  1885 – Rabies vaccine Louis Pasteur

3. Vaccines  Immunization – the process of producing a state of immunity in a subject.  Vaccination – intentional administration of a harmless or less harmful form of a pathogen to induce a specific immune response that protects the individual against late exposure to the pathogen.

4. Vaccines  Passive immunity adaptive immunity conferred by the transfer of immune products, such as antibody or sensitized T cells, from an immune individual to a non- immune one.  Natural maternal antibody  Immune globulin  Humanized monoclonal antibody  Antitoxin

5. Vaccines  Active immunity – adaptive immunity that is induced by a natural exposure to a pathogen or by vaccination.  Natural infection  Vaccines  Toxoid

6. Vaccines  Types of vaccines:  Live attenuated  Inactivated  Subunit  Conjugate  DNA  Recombinant

7. Vaccines  Multivalent Conjugate

8. Vaccines  Multivalent Conjugate

9. Vaccines  DNA Vaccines

10. Vaccines  Recombinant Vector Vaccines