1. JOURNAL Thomas Jefferson said, “There should be a wall between church and state,” in a letter he wrote to an American Baptist association. What did he mean by this? Why do you think he wrote this?

2. THE FRANKS TAKE OVER 2.2 WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES

3. BETWEEN THE FALL OF ROME (476 C.E.)AND WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR (1066 C.E.): FRANKS CONTROL WESTERN EUROPE Rome fell and the Franks, a powerful Germanic group (one of the barbarian tribes), controlled much of Europe.

4. WHY THE FRANKS ARE STRONGEST: Their success was due to a new style of warfare: armed knights on horseback who demanded payment of land and privileges.

5. THE FRANKS INTRODUCED THE 3 C’S TO MEDIEVAL WESTERN EUROPE : C LOVIS C HARLEMAGNE C HRISTIANITY (only the Roman Catholic Church)

6. CLOVIS, THE FIFTEEN-YEAR-OLD KING: King of Franks at 15 In 481 C.E., in Gaul (modern France), he defeated last great Roman army Married Clotilda, a Christian who influences husband. Baptized into Christian Roman Catholic Church and pagan followers followed!

7. 300 YEARS LATER: CHARLEMAGNE (AKA CHARLES THE GREAT, THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) Most important leader of Franks Ruled from 768 to 814 C.E., more than 40 years Illiterate but encouraged education and scholarship Aachen (in modern Germany) is city of his court, center of learning

8. CHARLEMAGNE: A PARTNERSHIP WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH Unified all Christian lands in Europe into his empire He was called the “King Father Of Europe” Pope, head of Roman Catholic Church, crowned him Holy Roman Emperor in 800 C.E.

9. CHARLEMAGNE AND POPE LEO III The Roman Catholic Church was center of medieval European society. Charlemagne couldn’t ignore this. Charlemagne needed the blessing of the church (“God is on my side…”). Pope Leo III needed the support of Charlemagne’s army.

10. VATICAN IN ROME, HOME OF THE POPE, WHERE LEO III LIVED

11. VATICAN (AND POPE) STILL IN ROME TODAY

12. THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE POPE AND CHARLEMAGNE CREATES HISTORICAL PROBLEM Who has more power: the pope (the church) or the king? The pope says he does; after all, he placed the crown on Charlemagne’s head. Charlemagne says, “Only because I let you. I have the ultimate authority over my people.”

13. THIS PROBLEM OF POPE (RELIGIOUS LEADER) V. POLITICAL LEADER CAME UP IN U.S. POLITICS IN 1960 If elected president, would JFK, a practicing Catholic,, listen to the Pope over Americans? He said, “No,” and was elected. Only Protestant Christians have been President before and since (43 out of 44).

14. AMERICA SAYS CHURCH AND STATE MUST BE SEPARATE, UNLIKE MEDIEVAL EUROPE But we are nice to friendly religious leaders !

15. THOMAS JEFFERSON SAID: “There should be a wall between church and state,” in a letter he wrote to an American Baptist association. After all, the pilgrims left a Europe where many had died because of religious wars. Our early leaders did not want this to happen in America.

16. CHARLEMAGNE DIES IN 814 C.E. BUT FEUDALISM LIVES ON His kingdom survived many barbarian attacks. These and Viking attacks meant that there was a strong need for order and protection. When he died, his empire was divided among his three sons, and it quickly fell apart. New rulers were weak leaders. However, these rulers helped prepare Europe for feudalism, an economic and political system based on the need for protection and loyalty. Owning land was key now!

17. CHARLEMAGNE’S LEGACY Rulers followed Charlemagne’s (and Franks’) practice of rewarding knights with land and privileges, in return for military service and loyalty (feudalism). This establishes order in Europe. Then, in1066, European feudalism enters England. Around1280, the English build castles throughout Wales to defeat the Welsh!

18. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH PLAYS UP CONNECTIONS TO ANCIENT ROMAN EMPIRE Footnote: the pope and priests keep the long robes and colors of Roman emperors to keep the historical connection with power! For the same reason, they kept the Latin language as the official language of the church.

19. HOWEVER, THE QUESTION REMAINS… Since all of Medieval Europe is Catholic, shouldn’t the people’s true ruler be the Pope, since he is God’s representative on Earth?

20. MONARCHS SAY, “NO WAY!” They claim the “divine right of kings.” They believe that God specifically gave them the right to rule, which makes them the ultimate authority over people, more than the pope.

21. PAY ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN BRAIN POP CLIPS “MIDDLE AGES” AND “FEUDALISM”: Hierarchy Manor Fiefs Notice that the church is not included in this hierarchy; it has its own system.

22. FIEF AND MANOR EXPLAINED: FIEF IS THE GIFT OF LAND; MANOR IS EVERYTHING BUILT ON THE LAND.

23. DO NOW : WHO BENEFITED THE MOST FROM FEUDALISM? EXPLAIN.