1. J. Lauwereyns, Ph.D. Professor Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences Kyushu University jan@sls.kyushu-u.ac.jp Basic neuroscience Introduction

2. Neural coding and decoding Information e.g., Visual image Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision

3. Neural coding and decoding Information e.g., Visual image Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision

4. Neural coding and decoding Information e.g., Visual image Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision Studying the relation between events (stimuli, responses) and brain activity

5. Neural decoding and decoding Information e.g., Machine vision Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron

6. Neural decoding and decoding Information e.g., Machine vision Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Trying to reconstruct events based on the interpretation of brain data

7. Neural coding and decoding Information e.g., Visual image Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision

8. Complex data…

9. Important applications…

10. Brain All tissues and organs consist of cells In the brain: neurons and glia 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia Neurons: –Information, communication, control Glia: (glial or neuroglia) –Insulation, support, nourishment

11. Brain All tissues and organs consist of cells In the brain: neurons and glia 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia Neurons: –Information, communication, control Glia: (glial or neuroglia) –Insulation, support, nourishment

12. Glial cells The brain contains three major classes of glial cell – -Astrocytes -Oligodendrocytes -microglia

13. Glial cells The brain contains three major classes of glial cell – -Astrocytes -Oligodendrocytes -microglia

14. Glial cells The brain contains three major classes of glial cell – -Astrocytes -Oligodendrocytes -microglia

15. Brain All tissues and organs consist of cells In the brain: neurons and glia 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia Neurons: –Information, communication, control Glia: (glial or neuroglia) –Insulation, support, nourishment

16. Brain All tissues and organs consist of cells In the brain: neurons and glia 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia Neurons: –Information, communication, control Glia: (glial or neuroglia) –Insulation, support, nourishment

17. The neuron doctrine ( We say “Neuroscience,” not “Gliascience”)

18. The neuron doctrine Golgi stained neuron: Soaking brain tissue in a silver chromate solution, nicely shows cell body (nucleus) vs. thin tubes size…

19. Ramón y Cajal Using Golgi’s Method: Work out the circuitry of brain regions Golgi was wrong, Ramón y Cajal was right: The brain consists of many separate neurons, communicating by contact, not continuity

21. Measuring brain activity Blood flow

22. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI

23. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS

24. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS = Indirect, not neural activity itself, but supply of blood to neurons (via glia)

25. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity EEG

26. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity EEG, MEG, Intracranial, Single cell, Intracellular

27. Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity = Can be direct, when you insert the electrode in the brain, or even in the neuron, but is “invasive”

28. Where does the activity come from? What do neurons do? Need to study the basics…

31. The Prototypical Neuron Cell body (soma, perikaryon) Axon Dendrites

32. The neuron

33. Transport

34. The neuron Chemical release Transport

35. The neuron Detection Chemical release Transport

36. The neuron DNA Detection Chemical release Transport

37. The neuron DNA Detection Chemical release Transport Insulation Glia In mammals: Axons are myelinated