1. Otzi – The Ice Man of the Alps Essential Question: Who was Otzi and how can primary sources prove how he died? All Photos Taken From: http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/archaeology/otzi_the_iceman.html

2. Background Information September 19, 1991 two hikers in the Alps Border of Austria and Italy Wander off of the traditional path….

3. Background Information Saw a small head and shoulders sticking out of the ice At first they think it is a doll But…they see a small hole in the back of the head – so they know it is human

4. Background Information Police Get Involved They report the body to the Italian police Italian police think it’s a recent death. Start jackhammering the ice around the body to free it. This destroys much of the clothing on the iceman. Other people try freeing it with poles and axes; causing more damage to the clothing.

5. Background Information Dr. Henn is flown in ~ inspects the body The skin is dry & yellow ~ like a mummy. It’s been preserved in the ice. Glaciers in the Alps melt & reveal the body Shipped to museum to be studied

6. Background Information Along Comes the Archaeologist Body named Otzi (UTT-zee) because he died near a valley named Otzal/Ytei. Dr. Spindler arrived to examine Otzi Determines the body was 4,000 years old The oldest mummy ever found!

7. Physical Appearance Age ~ 45 (very old for people of that time) Height ~ 5’2” Although short, very strong Brown curly hair ~ Recently got a haircut. echostains.files.wordpress.com/.../mann_v1.jpg

8. Physical Appearance Tattoos on body ~ ankle, lower back, kneecap ~ not for decoration. Teeth ~ showed wear ~ ate grains/breads Last Meal: wheat bread, green herbs or veggies, and meat were found in his colon.

9. Clothes found Leather pants Jacket (animal hides) Cape (braided grass) Fur cap Soft shoes stuffed with hay for warmth Small white disk (necklace?)

10. Body Position The position of the body: He was laying on his stomach with his arm bent across his neck.

11. What He Carried With Him? Pay attention to different objects – were they used for work, offense, defense? Snacks? Illness?

12. Pictures at the Scene An item that looked like a fat pencil with a tip made from a deer antler. Used for working flint.

13. Pictures at the Scene Fungi threaded onto a leather strip. Used as medicine.

14. Pictures at the Scene Flint dagger inside of a woven scabbard.

15. Pictures at the Scene Needle made from bone. Grass string.

16. Pictures at the Scene One wooden backpack frame.

17. Pictures at the Scene One axe with a copper blade.

18. Pictures at the Scene Arrows (Some were found broken at the scene)

19. Pictures at the Scene Leather Tassel with a marble bead.

20. Stone Disk

21. The Scene

22. How Did Otzi Die? The question that haunts archeologists… Use your skills to come up with reasons that support one of the theories… –Robbery –Died in Battle –Assassination –Ritual Sacrifice

23. What you need to accomplish for this assessment: You will need to personally decide how you think Otzi died. You will pick 3 primary sources to back up your conclusion. You will write up your three pieces of “proof” in the following format: Each proof needs… 1. An answer statement, which includes a mention of a primary source that is being used for evidence. 2. A detailed description of the primary source 3 – 4. Explanation of how/why this would then prove the selected cause of death *Your final write-up can be turned in on the sheet provided by your World History teacher or you can type up your final pieces of proof (preferred) Example of a final proof: Cause of Death for Otzi: hypothermia. One primary source that proves Otzi died of hypothermia is the position of Otzi’s body. Otzi was found with his head resting on his arm like he fell asleep. Otzi could have been hiking through the treacherous terrain of the Alps, gotten sleepy, and laid down to rest. His lack of his movement while sleeping, compounded with the icy temperatures, could have caused Otzi to freeze to death.