1. Lecture 8 Profit Maximization

2. Comparison of consumer theory with producer theory In consumer theory we learned that the main objective of consumer is utility maximization and in producer theory the main objective of producer is profit maximization. In Consumer Theory, the indifference curve shows combinations of goods giving the same utility. The slope of the indifference curve was the marginal rate of substitution In Production Theory, there is a similar concept known as isoquant curve which shows the combinations of inputs that give the same amount of production

3. Isoquant It is a curve that shows all possible combinations of inputs that can produce the same level of output. All the isoquants to the right of a given isoquant show higher level of production. All the isoquants to the left of a given isoquant show lower level of production.

4. Labor Capital 0 K2K2 100 200 300 K1K1 L2L2 L1L1

5. Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution The slope of isoquant is called Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution ( MRTS) Definition: The marginal rate of technical substitution (labor for capital) measures the amount of an input, K, the firm the firm could give up in exchange for a little more of another input, L, in order to just be able to produce the same output as before. The formula of MRTS is MRTS L,K =  K/  L

6. Concept of MRTS in graph In the following figure, the slope (ΔK/ΔL) of isoquant is Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution ( MRTS) which shows the way the producer substitute capital ( decreases the use of capital from k1 to k2) with labor ( increases the use of labor from L1 to L2) so that he remains in the same isoquant (that means the level of output remains the same)

7. Isocost Line Isocost line shows various combinations of inputs that a firm can buy with the same level of expenditure/Cost P L L + P K K = C where C is the total cost of production P L = Price of labor P K = Price of capital Slope of the isocost line is the price ratio of inputs which is P K /P L

8. Labor Capital 0 C/P K C/P L Slope = -P K /P L

9. Shift of Isocost line All the isocost lines to the right of a given isocost line show higher level of total cost. All the isocost lines to the left of a given isocost line show lower level of total cost.

10. Optimal Decision of Firm The main objective of firm is to maximize profit. Profit is the gap or difference between revenue and cost. That is Profit= Revenue ( R) - Cost (C) So the firm’s objective is to make this gap as large as possible which will ensure profit maximization. First lets find out how we can find the revenue of a firm. If the output/production of firm is expressed as Q and price of per unit of the output is expressed as P then revenue will be R= PQ That is revenue is price times quantity. We already know that production function can be written as Q = f (K,L) where we assume that capital and labor are the two inputs. So we can write R= P f(K,L) If total cost is C= w. L + r.K ( Where w is the wage and r is the interest rate) Then the profit becomes Profit= P f(K,L)- (w. L + r.K ) Here P, w and r are constant. So firm can only choose the amount of L and K. The firm will choose labor and capital in such a way that the gap between total revenue and total cost is as large as possible that means profit is maximized.

11. Tangency Condition of Profit Maximization Same as the tangency condition of utility maximization, we have a tangency condition of profit maximization. Tangency Condition of Profit Maximization: Tangency condition of profit maximization says that the isoquant curve will tangent to isocost line at the profit maximizing point. That means the slope of isoquant will be equal to slope of isocost line. We know that slope of isoquant is MRTS and Slope of isocost line is P K /P L ( Price ratio of inputs, capital and labor) So the tangency condition is MRTS = P K /P L

13. Marginal cost (MC): Marginal cost is the increment, or addition, to cost that results from producing one more unit of output Marginal Revenue (MR) : Marginal revenue is the increment, or addition, to revenue that results from producing one more unit of output

14. When a producer is maximizing profit, there is no incentive for him to deviate that means increase or decrease production. This implies that if a certain amount of production leads to profit maximization then the producer will not change the level of production. Producer’s decision about production at margin and its relation with profit maximization: Producer’s decision at margin means that how does a producer take decision about changing production (whether to increase or decrease or keep production same). If we find a situation where the producer does not have any incentive to change production then we call this profit maximizing situation. ‘Profit Maximization’ Optimal Decision at the margin

15. There can be three situation Case 1: MR > MC  If marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost, the production of an additional unit of output generate more revenue than cost from that additional unit. That means it will make a profit from the additional output level.  In this case, a firm is expected to increase its level of production to increase its profits. Case 2: MR < MC  If marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, the production of the last unit of output costs more than the additional revenue generated by that unit. That means it will make a loss from the additional output level.  In this case, firms can increase their profits ( here it means reducing loss) by producing less.

16. A profit-maximizing firm will produce more output when MR > MC and less output when MR MC and less output when MR < MC. Case 3: MR = MC  If MR = MC, however, the firm has no incentive to produce either more or less output because it makes neither a loss nor a profit from additional output.  The firm's profits are maximized at the level of output at which MR = MC. This is know as golden rule of profit maximization. (Golden Rule of Profit maximization)

17. Producer Surplus The supply curve shows the marginal cost of a firm. Producer surplus is gap/difference between the price and the supply curve ( MC curve). So the area below the price line and above the supply curve is producer surplus Producer surplus = net gain from trade ( producing and selling of a good or a service) received by producers.

18. Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus in Perfect Competition Gains from trade/ Total surplus= consumer surplus + producer surplus Consumer surplus Producer surplus P Q