1. Dale Roberts 1 Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Science, IUPUI Dale Roberts, Lecturer Computer Science, IUPUI E-mail: droberts@cs.iupui.edu Oracle Security

2. Dale Roberts Where Is Security Enforced? Application Applications often have the need to be security-aware. Some commercial applications use the One Big Application user model. The SQL that users submit is restricted by the application. Are application users also database users. (Does the application have a user table?) What user is used to connect to Oracle? Applications whose users are not database users have no choice but to manage security themselves. Security best practices recommend authenticating the user with the database, not using a shared applid. Sharing an applid compromises security because the identity of the user is unknown to the database Ad-hoc tools like SQLPlus, Access, Excel or Toad do not restrict the SQL and bypass application security. Universal implementation of security requires that every application module correctly implement security – difficult and expensive. 2

3. Dale Roberts Where Is Security Enforced? Database Applications whose users are also database users can choose to implement application or database security. Database security cannot be bypassed, even with ad hoc tools. Oracle audit features can record who does what inside the database. Database roles can be set up for different classes of users, allowing and restricting access as appropriate. Database roles can be derived from enterprise roles maintained outside of Oracle (LDAP with Oracle Identity Management), reducing administrative burden. 3

4. Dale Roberts 4 Basic Oracle Security By What Authority? UsersRoles Grant and revoke Synonyms

5. Dale Roberts 5 CREATE USER Create user username identified by password ; Create user username identified externally; Changing passwords Alter user username identified by password ; Password Management – determined by DBA created profiles. Password lifetime Grace period Account lock rules Password reuse rules Moving to another user, connect sqlplus command CONNECT CONNECT username CONNECT username / password

6. Dale Roberts Password Management CREATE PROFILE prof LIMIT FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 4 PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 30 PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 90 PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 3; ALTER USER johndoe PROFILE prof; ALTER USER johndoe ACCOUNT UNLOCK; CREATE USER jbrown IDENTIFIED BY zX83yT... PASSWORD EXPIRE; 6

7. Dale Roberts 7 CREATE ROLE Roles manage sets of privileges. CREATE ROLE Create role rolename ; Standard Oracle Roles CONNECT – connect to database and perform very limited functions. RESOURCE – for basic users. DBA – all system privileges. Maximum roles allowed is set at startup, max_enabled_roles parameter (30 on phoenix). Roles can have passwords, but do not by default.

8. Dale Roberts Role-based Security Model Roles are a named set of privileges Resolves delete anomolies like dropping a user loosing all the security rules. Users are never directly assigned privileges. More than one role can be active. 8

9. Dale Roberts 9 GRANT and REVOKE Grant for object privileges GRANT {privilege, … | ALL} [ (column,…) ] on object to {user | role} on object to {user | role} [with grant option] [with grant option] [with hierarchy option]; [with hierarchy option]; Grant for system privileges GRANT {system privilege | role | ALL} to {user | role} [, {user | role}, …] to {user | role} [, {user | role}, …] [identified by password] [identified by password] [with admin option]; [with admin option]; Revoke takes privileges from roles or users. REVOKE {system privilege | role | ALL} [, {system privilege | role | ALL} …] from {user | role} [, {user | role}, …]; from {user | role} [, {user | role}, …];

10. Dale Roberts 10 Synonyms, Examples, Other What you can grant to other users Tables: alter, references, index, on commit refresh, query rewrite, all PL/SQL Procedures and Functions: execute Sequences: select, alter Synonyms provide for another name for an object. (location independence) CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym FOR SCHEMA.OBJECT[@LINK]; Examples: CREATE ROLE MYTEAM; GRANT MYTEAM TO JOE, TOM, SUE; GRANT SELECT ON MYTABLE TO MYTEAM; GRANT UPDATE (COL1) ON MYTABLE TO MYTEAM; CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM TAB1 FOR MYSCHEMA.MYTABLE; Advanced Options for Security by User Virtual private database (VPD) adds a where clause to all commands issued by the user to restrict data to only his view of the database. Oracle Label Security uses security labels on all rows, users only have access to those in their hierarchy.

11. Dale Roberts Enterprise-level Considerations Application access is strictly enforced using roles. Roles are defined based on function, not operation. For example, a role APPL_USER_WRITE_ROLE means that the user can modify application data. The role may include SELECT, EXECUTE grants as well as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Role APPL_USER_READONLY_ROLE may also include some INSERT/UPDATE privileges to activity logs, etc., but the user cannot modify application data. Public synonyms cannot be used when there is more than one instance of an application in a database instance. This often happens for test environments: string, integration, user acceptance, capacity, etc. Batch jobs also require roles, such as APPL_BATCH_WRITE_ROLE. Under no circumstances should any user or job ever login as the schema owner. 11

12. Dale Roberts Advanced Security – VPDs Virtual Private Databases - VPDs VPDs are an advanced security topic that requires fluency in several different areas including contexts, packages, triggers and SQL. The grants discussed previously control access at an object-level. You can grant SELECT to a VIEW as an example. VPD implements what is called fine-grained access control. Fine- grained access control means that security is implemented at a row- level. For example, the following query SELECT * FROM emp; can be changed by a VPD security policy to add a predicate SELECT * FROM emp WHERE division = 'RETAIL'; VPD can also be set up to add predicates based on what columns are mentioned. 12

13. Dale Roberts 13 Acknowledgements Loney, Oracle Database 10g The Complete Reference