1. Unit 4: Early Modern Period 1450-1750 CE By: Emily McCoy, Jaret Thompson, Michael Davidson, Melody 4th Period

2. Major Points -shift in power to the West -world became smaller(almost all civilizations touched by trade) -new empires(Spain, Portugal, England, France, Netherlands, Ottoman, Mughal, Ming) -age of gunpowder

3. Interactions and Development -The Europeans arrived in America as a result of the Protestant Reformation. -They were also still recovering from the devastation of the Plague, and their population was slowly increasing after a huge decline. -When the traveling Europeans arrived in the New World, the Native American population was exposed to their diseases and was nearly destroyed. -The Spanish Europeans colonized some of the Native American populations, such as the Incan Mita System and the Encomienda System. -The Mita System exploited the work of peasants for things such as public projects and ideas, like buildings, roads, etc. -The Encomienda System was a system that the Spanish Europeans used in the early 1500’s to exploit the work of Native Americans for gold.

4. Development & Interaction ●Native Americans bartered rather than having a currency (Europeans had a currency & traded goods) ●Role of gender: ○women weren’t seen as equal to husbands ○they were free but couldn’t vote/own property ○worked at home with corn and making clothes ○women in slavery took care of owner’s children Coercive labor systems in Americas: ●encomienda system ●slavery for farming tobacco, sugar, and cotton ●indentured servitude started (spread after 18th century) (Coercive Labor)

5. Global Interactions ●Depleted resources in Europe ●New plants brought back from the americas to europe (potato) (Tomato) (Corn) ●Indigenous people affected by european diseases- large amounts died ●American diseases brought back by sailors ●Slavery- displaced millions of africans ❏ Vaccines were invented by pasture ❏ Scientific method came about ❏ Newtons laws ➔ Philosophical ideas ➔ Humans are not good or bad ➔ Obey the government/don't obey the government ➔ - Made people open up to new ideas and question things ★ Mughals had lots of defining architecture such as the Taj Mahal ★ Aztec and Inca Architecture and art saw by europeans ★ Religious paintings

6. New Religions ●Protestantism- Split Europe religiously, starting The Thirty Years War. The Protestant Reformation weakened the power of the Catholic Church. ●Vodun- Religious Cult practiced in the Caribbean and Louisiana, merged new and old Christian beliefs. ●Zen- Spread through Ming and Qing Dynasties, spread through East Asia. Preached Peace. ●Sikhism- Mixed Islam and Hinduism, emerged in India, another Monotheistic religion in India.

7. Creation of Economic Systems ●Mita System borrowed to exploit Native Labor ● Slaves imported to work in the Americas ●Easily Replaceable Workers who gained low pay ●Early Indentured Servitude in North America

8. How Were Colonies Managed ●All nations controlled their colonies politically ●Used methods such as tariffs to control trade and Encomienda systems to control production ●Socially, European born persons had more rights in Spanish colonies

9. State-Building, Expansion, & Conflict Impacts on Russian Empire: ●Political- defended powers of central monarch & secret police ●Economic- Catherine the Great focused on expansion & didn’t have a merchant class ●Social- noble landlords have power over serfs Bureaucracies in Europe vs. China/Japan ●Europe had a monarchy while China had a dynasty ●Japan had feudalism and sinification ●China had an aristocracy Relations with the West ●Ottoman- started to decline but not noticeable until WW1 (still large & powerful) ●China- trades largely (benefited from World Economy) & Opium Wars ●Safavid- Persia was rivals with Ottomans and collapsed in 1722 before Ottomans ●Tokugawa- Dutch/English wanted to trade with them & some openness to Christian missions ●Mughal- Western traders advanced in India as empire fell & traded with English and Dutch

10. Transformation of Social Structures Role of gender in colonial empires: -women secondary status (social roles, economic opportunities, political influence) -marriage remained primarily economic arrangement -women had more freedom Europe- explorations/discoveries in Americas & south into Africa claiming land Asia- gunpowder empire (main conflict) & Mughal, Safavid, & ottoman Africa- political power shifts to Gold Coast & Netherlands developed farming plantations Americas- several empires set up, mixture of cultures, & fights over who owned land

11. Characteristics Asia: Ming and Qing were last dynasties Africa: colonization & African slaves Americas: colonization & slave trade Europe: expanded to Americas & imperialized

12. Periodization Review -world becomes global -domination of maritime trade -decline of nomadic groups -shift in labor systems -gunpowder empire