1. ICZM and spatial planning: experience of Croatia and Montenegro Gojko Berlengi UNDP, COAST Project gojko.berlengi@undp.org

2. ICZM Protocol and spatial planning  no specific mention of spatial planning in ICZM Protocol One of the general principles of ICZM requires:  formulation of land use strategies, plans and programmes...

3. Land use vs. Spatial planning land use planning  balances property rights with public interest by translating land development processes into physical form. It is mostly demand or development driven. spatial planning  brings together a complex system of social, environmental and economic factors and deals with them in a comprehensive framework.  one among number of other standard outputs of spatial planning is designation of land and sea use.

4. Spatial planning in ICZM Protocol Protocol deals with different coastal issues which are spatial planning concerns as well...  coastal land development issues  coastal planning process issues  coastal planning tools prescribed by Protocol

5. ICZM Protocol - coastal land development issues  intensive coastal urbanization,  coastal ribbon development,  bad siting of transportation infrastructure including parking facilities too close to the shore, sprawl development,  development with no appropriate setback,  limited public access to the sea and along the shore

6. ICZM Protocol - coastal policy planning process issues  deficient participatory planning,  limited sectoral coordination,  weak monitoring and evaluation

7. ICZM Protocol - prescribed coastal planning tools  ecosystem approach,  carrying capacity assessment (CCA),  environmental assessments (EAs),  landscape planning,  risk assessment, linked to coastal hazards including climate change

8. ICZM Protocol and spatial planning  ICZM systems and spatial planning systems bring similar boxes of concepts and tools  Spatial planning is more static, it offers images of preferred future at given time horizon  ICZM systems are more proactive, they have more ambition to guide and coordinate the process towards future chosen in spatial plans  Spatial planning may be considered as an instrument of ICZM

9. Experience of Montenegro and Croatia Spatial planning systems in both countries provide:  coastal spatial plans  coastal development control system  coastal monitoring and reporting systems  multidisciplinary approach in preparation of spatial plans  participatory approach  spatial planning integrates EIA, NIA and SEA

10. Spatial planning - institutional system and planning tiers Croatian waters Croatian forests Croatian roads Croatian power supply Croatian telecommunications... Croatian waters Croatian forests Croatian roads Croatian power supply Croatian telecommunications... Parliament of the Republic of Croatia Min. of Environmental Protection and Nature Min. of Culture Min. of Agriculture Min. of Tourism Min. of Sea, Transportation and Infrastructure Min. of Economy... Min. of Environmental Protection and Nature Min. of Culture Min. of Agriculture Min. of Tourism Min. of Sea, Transportation and Infrastructure Min. of Economy... Min. of Construction and Physical Planning County Physical Planning Institutions Communes/ Municipalities Spatial Planning strategy Spatial Planning programme County physical plan Plan for areas with particular features Commune/Municipality physical plan General master plan, local plans Parliamentary Committee for Spatial planning Council for Spatial Planning

11. Montenegro and Croatia - key coastal issues Excessive coastal urbanization including real estate development (secondary homes), in particular when located too close to the shoreline and when deficient in infrastructure Municipal spatial plans allocate larger than needed development areas:  strong demand for coastal properties  pressure from real estate investors due to high profitability of this type of investment  pressure from land owners for land conversion

12. ... recent coastal “development”

13. Montenegro and Croatia– coastal urbanization DPSIR and waste generation large amounts of waste illegal dumping sites, non treated waste water outfalls, visual pollution polluted sea, land pollution, landscape degradation “internalized” costs of urbanization, polluter pays,...

14. Montenegro and Croatia– coastal urbanization control instruments  in order to curb coastal urbanization Croatia adopted Coastal Decree in 2004 and successfully implemented its legal provisions on restriction of expansion of development areas  Montenegro recently introduced similar provision which is about to be implemented through Coastal Area Spatial Plan  Benefits: reduced natural lands conversion, compact settlements form, less infrastructure, “conservation by concentration”

15. Coastal urbanization control instrument

16. Montenegro and Croatia - same planning tradition and similar planning culture  post socialist societies in difficult transition process,  comprehensive planning systems, number of planning levels,  environmental management and nature conservation legislation mostly in place,  lack of land use distributional justice instruments,  many strategies are often wish lists, ceremonial documents full of empty claims  provisions in local plans often lack quantitative indicators which are measurable and implementable,  widespread practice of illegal construction

17. Requirements to ensure Protocol compliance  ratification, definition of geographical coverage, relation to PCA  establishment of permanent multisectoral co-ordinating body with real operational powers capable to balance power of existing line agencies,  sectors accept the role of spatial planning system which provides coordination of sectoral strategies, plans and programmes,  modifications following coastal setback adaptation criteria,  application of planning tools such as CCA, ecosystem approach, landscape planning, climate change risk assessment, SEA and AA  monitoring and evaluation instruments, indicators, reporting  ICZM strategy and plan

18. CAMP Montenegro inputs for Protocol compliance  spatial planning system – key building block in ICZM structure  definition of coastal area (6 coastal municipalities)  incorporation of key coastal planning criteria including coastal setback provisions into Spatial Planning and Building Act  new Coastal Area Spatial Plan (CASP) - new regional planning level  formulation of criteria for setback adaptations  limits to expansion of coastal development areas  application of coastal planning instruments through CASP  national ICZM strategy/plan

19. Prerequisites for ICZM success  important to understand capacity of the society/system for change  premature introduction of certain solutions or instruments may be counterproductive, costly, confusing, with no practical impact  need for robust and simple instruments implementable in given circumstances  danger of planning system collapse if overloaded, need for streamlining procedures... it is critical to present ICZM as a means of rationalization which brings improved efficiency without additional costs  capacity building for public sector officials on all levels  guidelines and manuals for new instruments

20. Thanks for attention!