1. Hypotheses setting and testing

2. Hypotheses A hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete terms what you expect will happen in your study Not all studies have hypotheses. A single study can have one or more hypotheses

3. Function of hypothesis Provides a study with focus Informs data to collect Enhances objectivity of a study Enhances addition to the formulation of theory

4. Types of hypothesis Null hypothesis. The null hypothesis, denoted by H0, is usually the hypothesis that sample observations result purely from chance. Alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is the hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause. Some define: Research hypothesis Alternative hypothesis

5. The characteristics of a hypothesis Simple, specific and conceptually clear Verifiable Related to the existing body of knowledge operationalisable

6. Testing hypothesis A test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on only one side of the sampling distribution, is called a one-tailed test. For example, suppose the null hypothesis states that the mean is less than or equal to 10. The alternative hypothesis would be that the mean is greater than 10. The region of rejection would consist of a range of numbers located located on the right side of sampling distribution; that is, a set of numbers greater than 10.sampling distribution A test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on both sides of the sampling distribution, is called a two- tailed test. For example, suppose the null hypothesis states that the mean is equal to 10. The alternative hypothesis would be that the mean is less than 10 or greater than 10. The region of rejection would consist of a range of numbers located located on both sides of sampling distribution; that is, the region of rejection would consist partly of numbers that were less than 10 and partly of numbers that were greater than 10.

7. One-tailed Two-tailed