1. Peter Tuft AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 1 AS 2885.1-2007 PENETRATION RESISTANCE

2. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 2 Why Penetration Resistance?

3. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 3 It really happens Acknowledgements: Rob Moore & Caltex

4. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 4 General Requirements Penetration resistance is one form of physical protection Mandatory in developed areas (T1, T2, S & I); see separate Clause 4.7 May be used in R1 & R2 areas if required by SMS Especially near isolated buildings (ie. within radiation contours) From Clauses 4.11.1 & 4.11.2

5. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 5 Methods Calculate using Appendix M Expected to be usual approach Physical testing Beneficial for some projects in high consequence areas Comparison with previous physical tests Must be sufficiently similar From Clause 4.11.3

6. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 6 Calculation Objectives Determine minimum size of excavator to puncture pipe For both general purpose and pointed teeth Determine likely puncture hole size, and hence failure mode Rupture if hole ≥ critical defect Leak if hole < critical defect No penetration Should do calcs even if penetration resistance is not adopted as physical control Useful reference data for SMS From Clause 4.11.3

7. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 7 Define the Threat Equipment type Usually an excavator Equipment size (tonnes) Penetrator (tooth) type General purpose (chisel shaped) Penetration (single sharper point) “Tiger tooth” (twin sharp points) Penetrator dimensions From Clause 4.11.3

8. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 8 Calculation Principles No penetration if resistance > force R P > B F R P = force required to penetrate pipe (for given pipe parameter and tooth dimensions) F = nominal force applied by machine B = multi-purpose correction factor From Appendix M2

9. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 9 Pipe Resistance, R P Based on extensive APIA-sponsored research Excellent correlation between tests, FEA and equation: Equation M3

10. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 10 Excavator Force, F Also based on APIA-sponsored research Reasonable correlation between excavator mass and bucket force: Equation M4

11. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 11 Factor B Multipurpose Bucket force multiplier, empirical experience, safety factor Largely based on Australian field trials Range from 0.75 to 1.3 Original research suggested 1.8 to 2.0 Theoretically sound, but not achieved in practice due to limited reaction force May change as further research progresses

12. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 12 B Values CircumstancesB Where WT not governed by penetration resistance <0.75 Adequate resistance to typical excavator, but puncture possible if aggressive 0.75 Reasonable compliance with “No Puncture”1.0 Where penetration must never occur, in some high consequence areas ≥1.3

13. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 13 Field Trials

14. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 14 … in Action Acknowledgements: Phil Colvin & Alinta

15. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 15 … and the Results

16. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 16

17. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 17 The Design Scenario Roma - Brisbane duplication DN 400, 450 km Land use ranging from rural to suburban 15.3 MPa, 10.2 MPa from city gate station Assume X80 pipe SMYS = 552 MPa, UTS ≥ 621 MPa

18. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 18 The Design Problem Check penetration resistance for: LocationWTExcavatorTeeth Rural roadside4.8 mm20 t Gen purpose (76 x 13 mm) Suburban8.4 mm30 t Tiger (20 x 12 mm) Tooth dimensions from Table M3

19. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 19 Rural Location 4.8 mm WT, 20 t excavator, GP teeth R P (pipe resistance)275 kN F bucket 131 kN B (adequate resistance)0.75 B F98 kN R P >> B F Resistance >> machine force No penetration 4.8 mm WT OK for the identified threat

20. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 20 Suburban Location 8.4 mm WT, 30 t excavator, tiger teeth R P (pipe resistance)181 kN F bucket 184 kN B (reasonable ‘No Puncture’)1.0 B F184 kN R P ≈ B F Resistance ≈ machine force No penetration, just 8.4 mm WT minimum acceptable for the identified threat

21. Peter Tuft - Penetration Resistance AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 21 Worth 1000 Words …

22. Peter Tuft AS 2885.1 Launch, February 2007 22 Questions?