1. BELLWORK Define the following: 1.Nomadic 2.Sedentary 3.Colony 4.Egalitarian 5.What are the pros/cons of an egalitarian society? 6.THINKER: Make a prediction – who were the first people to migrate to America? Why do you think they chose to migrate?

2. BELLWORK 8/15 Grab a handout from the front and read the “Geography of the Americas” section. Next, answer the following questions: 1.What geographic obstacles did Europeans face in their colonization of Latin America? 2.How did the physical obstacles effect the government of Latin America? 3.Compare and contrast the geographical advantages/disadvantages between Spanish South America and British North America. 4.Why were bodies of water important to early settlements? 5.THINKER: Which regions of the Americas were colonized by the British? Which regions of the Americas were colonized by the Spanish?

7. Also label….. Straight of Magellan Cape Horn Amazon River Andes Mountains Rocky Mountains Appalachian Mountains Sierra Madres Mountains Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Caribbean Sea Mississippi River

9. The Earliest Americans The first Native Americans migrated to the New World through Beringia: the land bridge connecting Asia to Alaska. Over thousands of years, the native population began to expand southward and eastward.

12. Native American Groups by 1500

13. Native American groups pre- European colonization

14. The Earliest Americans The Native Americans were comprised of three different groups: 1.Cliff Dwellers 2.Mound Builders 3.Eastern Woodland groups

15. Cliff Dwellers Lived in the desert climates Developed farming Used irrigation Built great works of architecture (underground houses, dams, spiritual centers) Formed egalitarian societies: everyone is equal; no kings or chiefs

17. Mound-builders Lived in the watered countryside of the Midwest Built huge burial mounds Traded widely (glass, copper, clothes, and jewelry) Worked with metal

20. Eastern Woodland groups Lived in forests along the Eastern coasts of the Americas Practiced hunting and farming Dominated by the Iroquois Alliance. Iroquois Alliance: most populous group in the east; combined 5 Native American groups for mutual protection.

22. Exploration of the Americas Why do you think Europeans first came to the Americas?

23. European Exploration Wkst. During the exploration era, four main countries colonized the Americas: Spain Portugal France England Each country had their own goals for colonization. To learn more about exploration and discovery of the Americas, you are going to complete a graphic organizer specific to the European powers and their effort to colonize. Use the handout to complete the BRITISH and SPANISH portions & “History of Latin America” pgs. 53-63 to complete the PORTUGUESE column.

25. Portuguese Exploration Red – actual possessions Orange – areas of influence; trade Olive/Blue – areas of exploration Green – trading posts Pink – places of rule w/ self-government

26. Spain and Portugal: European Rivals SPAIN: Christopher Columbus PORTUGAL: Amerigo Vespucci

27. Portuguese map of Brazil: 1519

28. June 7, 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. The treaty was ratified by both countries. The other side of the world would be divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza

30. Portuguese map of division: 1502

31. Portuguese Empire

32. Spain and Portugal: European Rivals Both European powers fought for control over western ocean routes. Christopher Columbus charted his voyage to the New World in 1492, representing Spain. Amerigo Vespucci was on a Portuguese voyage in 1501 – his writings were distributed faster than Columbus, therefore having the world named after him.

33. Discussion Evaluate the system of mercantilism. (What was its purpose? Who did it benefit? Disadvantages?) Compare and contrast the political control of British North America and Spanish South America. Explain how the Americas were effected by religion. How did the religions of the British colonies differ from the Spanish colonies? How did Europeans view the natives? Do you think these views influence modern stereotypes of these groups? Explain!

34. “The houses of these Indians are the most beautiful I have ever seen and I swear that the closer I get to the mainland, the better they become. They’re like grand pavilions, like royal tents in an encampment without streets. One here, another there. They are well swept and quite clean inside, and the furnishings are arranged in good order. All are built of very beautiful palm prances. This land is so beautiful, I could go on praising it forever.” - Christopher Columbus - October 12, 1492 - Upon first arrival in the New World (Bahamas)