2.   Haciendas: huge estates which had large sufficient farms  Produced a variety of goods like meat, hides, and sugar.  American Indians were used as slave farm workers, miners, and servants.  European diseases wiped out Indian settlements  Indian population decreased  Imported slaves from Africa increased.  Spanish wealth in colonies grew  Imposed public buildings, cathedrals, and palaces  Fortresses protected cities Colonial Economy

3.   Higher:  Royal officials and owners of large estates  Lower:  Workers, peasants, and slaves. (Enormous social gap)  Peninsulares: Europeans born on Iberian Peninsula  Spain or Portugal  Creoles : white people born in the colonies  Most suffered social and job discrimination.  Mestizos: mix of American, Indian, and European  Mulattoes : European/African ancestry  Faced racial and social barriers  More rights than Indians  Women: depended on family background  Spanish: enjoyed some economic freedom b/c own property  Managed family businesses Colonial Society

4.   Charles III’s Intendancy System: appointed peninsulares as governors in the colonies.  Loyal to Spanish crown rather than viceroys.  Colonists paid heavy taxes in support of European’s wars.  Colonists called for independence  Simon Bolivar : lead several revolutions in Latin America Causes of Discontent

5.   French settlers own plantations  Worked by African slaves  Mulattoes demanded same rights as French settlers.  Settlers resisted  Mullattoes and slave join together  Toussaint-Loverture: leader and freed slave  Won control of Saint Dominique  Napoleon I sends army in  Loses war to rebels  Proclaimed independence under name Haiti. Haiti’s Slave Rebellion

6.   Creoles, mestizos, and American Indians in Mexico participated in revolutionary activities.  Miquel Hidalgo Y Costilla  Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon  Liberals of Spain took some power away from king  Creoles staged independence  Generals overthrew and Mexico became a republic  Reps from Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica met to form  Federal Union called Provinces of Central America. Mexico and Central America

7.   Simon Bolivar, Jose Francisco de San Martin, and Bernardo O’Higgins  Leaders for the fight of independence in Spanish South America.  First Revolt:  Rebels and San Martin seized control of government in La Plata (independence of Argentina).  Long Bloody Civil War  Revolt in Venezuela  Bolivar becomes president in present day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama  San Martin took over Peru capital (declared independence)  Northern territory of upper Peru became Bolivia Spanish South America

8.   Dom Joao-monarch of Brazil and Portugal  Revolt broke out-Dom Joao returns to Portugal  Angered Brazilians  Encouraged his son to rule Brazil independent  Dom Pedro did so and ruled as emperor.  Brazil and Argentina-argued over land between them  Settlers gained independence (Uruguay)  Only Cuba and Puerto Rico are left for Spain. Brazil

9.   Monroe Doctrine:  United States would not interfere in European affairs or with Europe’s remaining colonies in the Western Hemisphere.  Oppose any attempts by European nations to retake colonies.  Expanded trade  Tribute payments ended  Slavery was abolished After Independence

10.  Write an outline for the following sections: 1.Latin American Unity 2.Internal Problems