1. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Organs & glands that:
1. produce & nurture sex cells;
2. transport these cells to site of fertilization;
3. ensure production of offspring with correct # of chromosomes

2. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Produce & nurture sperm cells & transport them to site of fertilization
The male gonads are the TESTES
~ 5 cm long
Produce sperm

3. OTHER ORGANS
SCROTUM: pouch that holds testicles; outside body to keep lower temp
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES: tightly coiled tubes w/i testicles; where sperm are made
EPIDIDYMIS: pouch that sits on testes; stores sperm while they mature
VAS DEFERENS: duct leading from epididymis to urethra; transport sperm

4. GLANDS
SEMINAL VESICLE: convoluted sac behind urinary bladder; secretes alkaline substances, fructose, prostaglandins
PROSTATE GLAND:
chestnut shaped; just below bladder; secretes thin milky alkaline substance
COWPER’S GLAND:
just below prostate; secretes a mucous lubricating fluid
Together these secretions form SEMEN…~7.5 pH

5. ON THE WAY OUT…
URETHRA: tube leading to outside of male’s body (part of urinary tract, but there is a flap that closes opening to bladder during ejaculation
PENIS: used to deposit sperm into female’s body
PREPUCE: foreskin…loose skin…removed during circumcision

8. SPERM Males produce sperm throughout reproductive cycle
Mobile & small compared to egg
Spermatogenesis: formation of sperm cells (meiosis)
Erection: erectile tissue…fills with blood (in penis)
Ejaculation: forceful muscular release of sperm
Contain enzymes
To penetrate egg
Contain mitochondria
For energy

9. MALE HORMONES Called androgens
Produced in testes; controlled by hypothalamus & pituitary glands
PUBERTY: release of hormones makes a male reproductively functional
The main male hormone is TESTOSTERONE

10. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
Stimulate enlargement of reproductive organs & develop male characteristics…
Increased growth of body hair
Enlargement of larynx; thickening of vocal cords
Thickening of skin
Thickening/strengthening of bones
Increased red blood cell production
Affects sexual regions of brain
Increased muscular growth; narrowing of waist; broadening of shoulders

11. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Produce & maintain egg cells;
transport egg to site of fertilization
Provide favorable environment for fetal development
The female gonad is the OVARIES
Solid, oval, ~3.5 cm
Produce eggs

12. FEMALE ORGANS
UTERUS: hollow, muscular, pear shaped; bends forward over bladder; attachment for fertilized egg; fills with blood/nutrients; embryo/fetus develops here(expands to 500X normal size during pregnancy)
FALLOPIAN TUBES: (also called oviducts): ~ 10 cm; funnel shape near ovary (infundibulum); transports egg to uterus; fertilization takes place here!

13. CERVIX: neck of uterus
VAGINA: ~ 9 cm long tube leading to outside of body; releases uterine secretions; receives penis; birth canal

14. EXTERNAL FEATURES
LABIA MAJORA rounded folds of fat tissue; enclose/protect external reproductive organs (corresponds to male scrotum)
LABIA MINORA flattened folds w/i labia majora
CLITORIS small projection; most concentrated area of nerve fibers anywhere in body (8000)…corresponds to the male penis
VESTIBULE small space…vagina opens at posterior end…urethra opens at mid-section

15. EVENTS OOGENESIS: formation of egg cells (during meiosis)
OVULATION: release of egg from ovary to fallopian tube
ORGASM: series of reflexes & rhythmic contractions that make it easier for sperm to move
PUBERTY: the reproductive system becomes active

16. MENSTRUATION: release of blood that has built up in uterus & unfertilized egg
MENOPAUSE: end of female fertility; menstruation stops; caused by aging of ovaries & reduced estrogen production
FERTILIZATION: union of sperm & egg

17. FEMALE HORMONES Controlled by the hypothalmus PROGESTERONE
ESTROGEN
Stimulate enlargement of reproductive organs
Breast development
Increased fat production
Increased vascularization of skin
PROGESTERONE
Changes in uterus during reproduction
Affect mammary glands
Secretion of FSH & LH

18. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) stimulates production of follicle around egg
ESTROGEN stimulates production of LH
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) stimulates egg to mature
LUTEOTROPHIC HORMONE (LTH) stimulates production of progesterone
PROGESTERONE stimulates thickening of uterine lining; stops production of FSH

19. MAMMARY GLANDS Accessory organs Produce & secrete milk after birth
15-20 lobes
Dense connective & adipose tissue separate each lobe

20. How the Egg is Deceived