1. The Arab Empire and its Successors
Chapter 6-2

2. Creation of an Arab Empire
During Muhammad’s lifetime he was seen as both the political & religious leader of the Islamic community
His death resulted in a major problem for the Islamic community as he had not named his successor
Normally the eldest son would assume the position but Muhammad only had daughters, no son
This was a male dominated society so the daughters would not do
The Al-Aqsa Mosque, the site from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven.

3. Creation of an Arab Empire
Shortly after Muhammad’s death his closest followers chose Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father in law, as their new leader
Bakr had accompanied Muhammad on his journey to Madinah in 622 as well as led prayers during Muhammad’s final days
In 632 Bakr was named caliph or successor to Muhammad
Abu Bakr

4. Arab Conquest Under the leadership of Bakr the Muslim Empire grew
The Quran allowed for defensive war known as jihad or “struggle in the way of god”
Now united the Muslim Empire began to turn its energy against its neighbors conquering parts of the Byzantine Empire, Egypt, other parts of Africa, as well as the entire Persian Empire
The Arab effort was enhanced by the belief that Muslim Warriors were assured a place in paradise if they died in battle
Caliph Abu Bakr's empire at its peak in August 634.

5. Arab Rule
The death of Bakr again posed the problem of who should be the next caliph
There were no clear successors as the next two were assassinated
In 656 Ali, Muhammad’s son in law, was chosen as the new caliph
His reign lasted five years as he too was assassinated
The grave of Abu Bakr at the Masjid al-Nabawi

6. Arab Rule
In the conquered territories Arab administrators did allow local officials to govern & Jews & Christians were also allowed to practice their religion
They were allowed to do so because they were “People of the Book”
“People of the Book” were those who had written scripture revealed to them from God before the time of Muhammad
Those who chose not to convert were required only to be loyal & pay taxes to the Muslims

7. By the beginning of the eighth century the Arabs had begun attacks on both the eastern & western ends of the Mediterranean world
By 725 most Spain had also become part of the Arab empire
However all did not go the Arab way as they were defeated at the Battle of Tours in Gaul (France), which led to the end of expansion in Europe as well as at Constantinople by the Byzantines which would lead to a very uneasy frontier between the Islamic & Byzantine worlds
Umayyad Conquests
Umayyad dominance stretching from the Middle East to the Iberian peninsula

8. Umayyad Conquests By 750 the Arab advance had come to an end
Arab power extended into the parts of the old Roman empire as well as east to Mesopotamia & Persia as well as northward into central Asia
The conquests brought great wealth to the Arab empire but it also brought in new ethnic groups into the Muslim culture
These new groups would lead to internal conflict that is still seen in the Arab world today

9. A Split in Islam
In spite of the Umayyad military strength internal struggles threatened the empires stability:
Different belief systems by non-Arabs
Preferential treatment that was given to Arabs
Financial issues
Ruling issues of far away territories
The spoils of war had made the Arab empire strong & wealthy but the influx of new cultures would lead to the downfall from the inside out

10. A Split in Islam
An important revolt occurred in present day Iran as Hussein, son of ALI-son in law to Muhammad, led a revolt against the Umayyad in 680
Hussein was crushed and the revolt led to a split in the Arab Empire
On one side were the Shia who would only accept the true descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam
On the other were the Sunni who accepted the Umayyad as the ruler or caliphs
This spilt still exists today as the Sunnis make up the majority of the Muslim world while those in Iraq & Iran consider themselves to be Shia
Distribution of Sunni and Shia populations

11. The Abbasid Dynasty
Resentment against Umayyad rule continued to grow among non-Arab Muslims because of favoritism & corruption
As a result in 750 the Umayyad Empire was defeated by Abu al-Abbas & the Abbasid dynasty was formed
The Abbasid Dynasty would last until 1258
Abbasid coins

12. Abbasid Rule
In 762 the Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad to take advantage of the river traffic in the Persian Gulf as well as the trade route from the Mediterranean to central Asia
This move also increased the Persian influence & increased a new cultural outlook
Under the Umayyad warriors were seen as the heroes of society while under the Abbasid rule judges, merchants, & government officials were now the heroes of society
When it came to differences between the Arabs & non Arabs the Abbasid attempted to break the barriers by allowing ALL Muslims to hold political & military offices
Under the Abbasids many Arabs began to intermarry

13. Abbasid Rule The best known caliph of this period was Harun al-Rashid
Harun’s rule was known for his charity & support for writers & artists
Under the Abbasid’s the caliph became more regal as he began taking an active role in political decisions
Despite great economic prosperity all was not well in the Abbasid Empire as it would soon become divided
Fighting over succession of caliphate
Financial corruption
Shortage of qualified Arabs for key positions in civil service & the military
Rulers of provinces within the empire began to break away from central rule & establish independent dynasties

14. Seljuk Turks & the Crusades
The Seljuks were a nomadic people who had converted to Islam & prospered as soldiers for the Abbasid caliphate
However the Abbasids grew weak as the Seljuks grew strong
By the eleventh century the Seljuks had taken over the eastern provinces of the Abbasid empire
The new Seljuk leader took the title of sultan or “holder of Power”

15. The Crusades
Alexius I of the Byzantine Empire appealed to the Christian states of Europe for help against the Turks as the Christian states distrusted the Islamic world
The Christian states agreed thus began a series of crusades that began in 1096
For the first decade, the Crusaders pursed a policy of terror against Muslims and Jews that included mass executions, the throwing of severed heads over besieged cities walls, exhibition and mutilation of naked cadavers, and even cannibalism

16. The Crusades
In the beginning the Muslims suffered great losses against the invading Crusaders
This soon changed as Saladin took control of the Muslim empire
In 1187 Saladin invaded Jerusalem & destroyed the Christian forces
In victory Saladin did not massacre the population & even allowed Christian worship to continue
In the end the Crusades had a minimal impact on Southwest Asia as the real threat would come from the Mongols
Artistic representation of Saladin

17. The Mongols
The Mongols were a nomadic people who came from the Gobi to control much of the known world
This group of people, as nomads, found it very difficult to settle in one area & were by nature very destructive in their conquests
Their goal was to create so much terror that no one would fight back
One of the most powerful of the Mongols was Genghis Khan