1. Unit 1- Earth Systems and Resources Geological Time Scale

2. AIM: How have stratigraphy and radiometric dating been used to construct the geological time scale?

3. The History of Earth Earth’s history has been studied through 2 methods: 1)Examining sequences of rock layers 2)Radioactive dating

4. Stratigraphy Stratigraphy- branch of geology that studies rock layers (strata)

5. Rules of Stratification 1)Rock layers (strata) are laid down in succession with each strata representing a “slice” of time 2)The principle of superposition- younger layers are on top, older layers are on bottom

7. Geology The fossil record of life on earth is captured in the rock layers of earth The fossil record is our greatest source of information about the evolution of life on earth

10. The History of Earth Using fossil evidence and the concepts of stratification, Earth’s history has been organized into various units according to major events that took place in each period. This is called the Geologic Time Scale

12. Earth’s history has been divided into 4 major Eras, which are furthers categorized into Periods.

13. Earth’s Eras Cenozoic Era Mesozoic Era Paleozoic Era Precambrian Era

16. TODAY Today, we are in the Cenozoic Era, in the Quaternary Period Cenozoic Era (65 mya)- begins after extinction of dinosaurs; characterized by the evolution and diversification of mammals Quaternary Period (1.8 mya) - Ice ages, evolution of human

17. The History of Earth Scientists estimate that Earth is 4.5 billion years old Radiometric Dating- decay of radioactive elements in rocks are quantified to determine age in years

18. Relative Age- rules of stratification to identify a chronological series of evolutionary and geological events – Fossil evidence Strata are laid down in succession For any given strata, the rock layer above is younger, the rock layer below is older.

19. Absolute Age- radioactive decay of elements in rock to determine age in years – “radiometric dating”

20. The Structure of Earth

21. Crust Uppermost layer of earth Continental Crust- 20-30 miles deep Oceanic Crust- 7 miles deep Rocky and brittle, and can fracture in earth quakes

23. Mantle Composed of iron, magnesium, aluminum, and silicates Mostly solid, but the uppermost portion is more “plastic-like”

24. Core Center of the earth Mosly iron – Outer core = solid – Inner core = liquid

25. HOMEWORK 15 Questions