1. Synthesis and Processing of Materials U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command Cognition, Computers and Cooperation Presented at TRADOC MAD SCIENTIST SPEAKER SERIES September 7, 2015 Bruce J. West ST- Chief Scientist Mathematics Army Research Office bruce.j.west.civ@mail.mil 919-549-4257

2. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 2 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation Forecasting technology for the Army Pitfalls of futurology A little about the human brain Machine-driven thoughts Thought-driven machines Brain to brain communication

3. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 3 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation The failure modes of futurology : − Scientific discoveries are unpredictable. − Technology breakthroughs are no better. significance omission alternatives 2012

4. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 4 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation What makes this prediction different? It does not start with the desired outcome. It is based on reasonable extrapolation from existing sciences. It synthesizes the results from three fields. This is only one of many potential outcomes. Brain-computer interface (BCI) Network Science (NS) Synthetic telethaphy 50 years 15 years Brain-brain interface (BBI) 15 years

5. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 5 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation Let us start with the experimental evidence that: 1.machines can directly influence the brain; 2.the brain can directly influence machines.

6. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 6 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation Brain-computer Interface (BCI) experiments gained notoriety in the spring of 1965, when the Yale neuroscientist Jose Delgado stopped a charging bull by transmitting a radio signal to an implant in the caudate nucleus of the animal’s brain. The New York Times (1965): Matador with a radio stops wired bull; J. Osmundsen

7. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 7 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation Five hundred years of experiments studying the human brain.

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9. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 9 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation Brain-computer Interface (BCI) Thought-driven systems Carmena, JM; Lebedev, MA; Crist, RE; O'Doherty, JE; Santucci, DM; Dimitrov, DF; Patil, PG; Henriquez, CS; Nicolelis, MA (2003PLoS Biology 1 (2): E42 DUKEMIT

10. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 10 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation Brain-machine Interface (BMI) applications. Present-day research Carmena, JM; Lebedev, MA; Crist, RE; O'Doherty, JE; Santucci, DM; Dimitrov, DF; Patil, PG; Henriquez, CS; Nicolelis, MA (2003PLoS Biology 1 (2): E42

11. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 11 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation BCI HELICOPTER BCI ROBOT BCI SATISFACTION BCI QUADRIPLEGIA

12. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 12 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation 2011 The science fiction version of the BBI goal

13. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 13 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation 2003 First brain-to-brain Interface (BBI) experiments involved two rats. Encoder is the sender and decoder is the receiver Encoder learns empirically Decoder learns by having information funneled into his brain directly M. Pais-Vieira, M. Lebedev, C. Kunicki, J. Wang & M.A.L. Nicolelis, “A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor Information”, Scientific Reports 3, 1319 (2013). A. Ramakrishnan, P.J. Ifft, M. Pais-Vieira, Y.W. Byun, K.Z. Zhauang, M.A. Lebedev & M.A.L. Nicolellis, “Computing Arm Movements with a Monkey Brainet”, Scientific Reports 5, 10767 (2015).

14. Synthesis and Processing of Materials 14 Cognition, Computers & Cooperation R.P.N. Rao & A. Stucco, “When two brains connect”, Scientific American, special issue (2014). Experimental realization of the Vulcan mind meld. Use one person’s brain data to produce a specific pattern of neural activity in another person’s brain.

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