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University at Buffalo Engineering for Ecosystem Restoration Summer Workshop Series 25 June 2010 David Blersch Dept. of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo
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Energetic basis for ecosystems Waste Heat Less total energy at each level REVIEW
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Using a Systems Language Why a systems language? To convert non-quantitative verbal models to… more quantitative, more accurate, more predictive, more consistent, and less confusing network diagrams. Understanding systems… Understanding environment and society as a system means thinking about parts, processes, and connections. To help understand systems, it is helpful to draw pictures of networks that show components and relationships. REVIEW
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Energy Circuit Diagrams From Odum (1994) REVIEW
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Systems Model: Aquatic system Odum (1994) REVIEW
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The math… The assumption: Pathway flows are linear and in proportion to force action from the upstream energy sources and storages.
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The math… J/k 1
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Solving numerically Finite differences
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Solving in Excel Model TANK
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Using STELLA: Tank Equations in STELLA Q(t) = Q(t - dt) + (J - K1Q) * dt INIT Q = 300 INFLOWS: J = 8 OUTFLOWS: K1Q = k1*Q k1 = 0.5 Model TANK
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Simulating a simple Producer- Consumer cycle Simple Production-Consumption cycle
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Simple P-C cycle
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Two STELLA formulations PC Cycle type 1 PC Cycle type 2
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Results
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The “Strategy” of Ecosystem Development E.P. Odum 1969
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Ecosystem succession E.P. Odum 1969
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The Odums E.P. Odum (1913 – 2002) H.T. Odum Alma Mater: U. Illinois Teaching: U. Georgia Research: Systems ecology Impacts: (1) pioneered the concept of the ecosystem; (2) systematized ecology as part of biology curriculum Alma Mater: Yale University Teaching: U. Florida Research: Systems ecology; General systems theory Impacts: (1) Synthesized thermodynamics with systems ecology ;(2) Maximum power laws (3) Ecological engineering and economics
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References Abrams, P., B.A. Menge, G.G. Mittelbach, D. Spiller, and P. Yodzis. 1996. The role of indirect effects in food webs. Pp. 371-395. In: Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics. G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller (eds.). Chapman & Hall, New York. Adey, W.H., and K. Loveland. 2007. Dynamic Aquaria: Building and Restoring Living Ecosystems (3 rd Edition). Academic Press, San Diego, California. Gerardin, L. 1968. Bionics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Jorgensen, S.E., and G. Bendoricchio. 2001. Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling (3 rd Edition). Elsevier Science, New York. Kangas, P.C. 2004. Ecological Engineering: Principles and Practice. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. Odum, H.T. 1994. Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado. Odum, H.T., and E.C. Odum. 2000. Modeling for All Scales: An Introduction to System Simulation. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
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