1. The War of 1812: America’s Second War for Independence?

2. Challenges to US Maritime Power War between French and British boosted the power of each country, threatened neutral US at sea. War between French and British boosted the power of each country, threatened neutral US at sea. US stuck in middle US stuck in middle British Orders in Council: All ships must stop at British portsBritish Orders in Council: All ships must stop at British ports French seizing ships stopping at British ports!French seizing ships stopping at British ports!

3. The Chesapeake Incident Impressments continued— 6000 Americans between 1808-1811 Impressments continued— 6000 Americans between 1808-1811 Chesapeake incident highlighted how serious issue was. Chesapeake incident highlighted how serious issue was. Royal frigate tried to seize four “deserters” from American ship. When US refused, ship attacked. Royal frigate tried to seize four “deserters” from American ship. When US refused, ship attacked. Americans enraged but Jefferson worried about full-scale war. Americans enraged but Jefferson worried about full-scale war.

4. The Solution: The Embargo Act (1807) Very strict law— forbade all exports, attempt at “peaceful coercion” Very strict law— forbade all exports, attempt at “peaceful coercion” Effects: Effects: Hurt economyHurt economy Catalyzed illegal tradeCatalyzed illegal trade Anger even led to revived Federalist partyAnger even led to revived Federalist party Changed to Non- Intercourse Act: Begin trade again, just not with France or England.Changed to Non- Intercourse Act: Begin trade again, just not with France or England.

5. Presidential Election of 1812

6. Madison and Macon’s Bill Congress tried to get rid of Non-Intercourse Act with a bargaining measure. Congress tried to get rid of Non-Intercourse Act with a bargaining measure. Under Macon’s Bill—tried to play countries off of one another. Under Macon’s Bill—tried to play countries off of one another. Deal: Whichever country lifted trade restrictions could trade with US, other country would have an embargo against it. Deal: Whichever country lifted trade restrictions could trade with US, other country would have an embargo against it. French agree to this and US accepts offer—meant US restored embargo against England! French agree to this and US accepts offer—meant US restored embargo against England! One step closer to war. One step closer to war.

7. “War Hawks” Henry Clay [KY] John C. Calhoun [SC]

8. Tecumseh Americans afraid of Tecumseh’s plan for Indian confederacy against American expansionists. Americans afraid of Tecumseh’s plan for Indian confederacy against American expansionists.

9. Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

10. William Henry Harrison Governor of Indiana territory Governor of Indiana territory Won at the Battle of Tippecanoe Won at the Battle of Tippecanoe Indian leaders fled to Canada Indian leaders fled to Canada

11. Br. Gen. Brock Meets Tecumseh (1811)

12. “Mr. Madison’s War?”

13. Quote, Madison “Thousands of American citizens, under the safeguard of public law and of their national flag, have been torn from... Everything dear to them; have been dragged on board ships of a foreign nation to be exiled to the most distant and deadly climes to risk their lives in battles of their oppressors.”

14. Divisions Over War Support from South and West, mostly Democratic-Republicans Support from South and West, mostly Democratic-Republicans Federalists oppose—especially in New England Federalists oppose—especially in New England Still Pro-BritishStill Pro-British Hated NapoleonHated Napoleon Didn’t want to acquire Canada—make agrarians more powerfulDidn’t want to acquire Canada—make agrarians more powerful

15. War of 1812 The Republican-led Congress declared war, but the country was not ready to fight: The Republican-led Congress declared war, but the country was not ready to fight: Insufficient troops and equipment,Insufficient troops and equipment, a division over the war itself, anda division over the war itself, and financial concerns all added to the problems.financial concerns all added to the problems. Madison ordered the military to invade British held Canada anyway. Madison ordered the military to invade British held Canada anyway.

16. Battles of War of 1812

17. Invasion of Canada Attacked from Detroit, Niagara Falls, Hudson River Valley Attacked from Detroit, Niagara Falls, Hudson River Valley All failed All failed

18. Oliver Hazard Perry Leader of Lake Erie Fleet Leader of Lake Erie Fleet Defeated the British Defeated the British Control for U.S. of Great Lakes Control for U.S. of Great Lakes

19. Washington D.C. August 1814 August 1814 British fleet entered the city British fleet entered the city

20. Washington D.C. Madison and other leaders fled Madison and other leaders fled British set fire to the White House and the Capitol British set fire to the White House and the Capitol Dolly Madison saved important papers Dolly Madison saved important papers

21. Fort McHenry British marched on Baltimore British marched on Baltimore Attacked Fort McHenry Attacked Fort McHenry Not successful Not successful

22. Francis Scott Key He wrote The Star-Spangled Banner while watching this battle He wrote The Star-Spangled Banner while watching this battle

23. Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

24. Battle of Lake Champlain September 1814 September 1814 U.S. Victory U.S. Victory

25. The Hartford Convention New England federalists called in 1814, right before Battle of New Orleans New England federalists called in 1814, right before Battle of New Orleans Hartford resolutions did not demand secession. Hartford resolutions did not demand secession. Did demand money from Washington to compensate for lost trade, also restrictions to make declaring an embargo and war more difficult. Also, wanted to get rid of 3/5 compromise, and allow presidents only to serve one term. Did demand money from Washington to compensate for lost trade, also restrictions to make declaring an embargo and war more difficult. Also, wanted to get rid of 3/5 compromise, and allow presidents only to serve one term. In end, presented resolutions right when war was over. In end, presented resolutions right when war was over. Federalist party looked stupid! Federalist party looked stupid! DEATH-KNELL OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY! DEATH-KNELL OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY!

26. Treaty of Ghent Dec. 1814 Dec. 1814 Ended the War of 1812 Ended the War of 1812 England must honor U.S. boundaries England must honor U.S. boundaries

27. The Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson and ragtag army—regulars, pirates, Frenchmen, free blacks Andrew Jackson and ragtag army—regulars, pirates, Frenchmen, free blacks Most devastating defeat of British attack-2000 killed in half an hour! Most devastating defeat of British attack-2000 killed in half an hour! Restored American honor and pride. Restored American honor and pride.

28. Convention of 1818 U.S.-Canadian border from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains set at 49 degrees north latitude U.S.-Canadian border from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains set at 49 degrees north latitude

29. Impacts of War of 1812: America’s Second War for Independence? Republic proved itself, increased respect Republic proved itself, increased respect See dangers of divided nation, increased unity See dangers of divided nation, increased unity War heroes president—Harrison and Jackson War heroes president—Harrison and Jackson Indians lost more land. Indians lost more land. Increased economic independence. Increased economic independence.