1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? Chapter 11 “If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you want to be happy, practice compassion.” –The Dalai Lama

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Prosocial Behavior Altruism Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes Evolutionary Psychology The attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection.

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes Kin Selection

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Reciprocity Norm Norm of Reciprocity The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Learning Social Norms

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping Social exchange theory

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping Empathy Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Individual Differences:The Altruistic Personality Altruistic Personality Personal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Individual Differences: The Altruistic Personality We need to consider several other critical factors as well, such as:

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior In-Group Out-Group. People in all cultures are more likely to help anyone they define as a member of their in- group than those they perceive in out-groups.

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior A particular cultural value that strongly relates to prosocial behavior is simpatía. Religion and prosocial behavior

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior Effects of Positive Moods: Feel Good, Do Good Being in a good mood can increase helping for three reasons:

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Negative-State Relief: Feel Bad, Do Good The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior Negative-State Relief: Feel Bad, Do Good Negative-State Relief Hypothesis

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Environment: Rural versus Urban Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behaviors: When Will People Help?

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Environment: Rural versus Urban Urban Overload Hypothesis The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Residential Mobility Living for a long time in one place leads to:

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Number of Bystanders: The Bystander Effect Dozens of other studies, conducted in the laboratory and in the field, have found what they found: The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help the victim. This is known as the bystander effect.

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Noticing an Event Interpreting the Event as an Emergency

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Interpreting the Event as an Emergency Pluralistic Ignorance Bystanders’ assuming that nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned. Pluralistic Ignorance Bystanders’ assuming that nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned.

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Diffusion of Responsibility Assuming Responsibility

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Knowing How to Help Deciding to Implement the Help

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Nature of the Relationship: Communal vs. Exchange Relationships Communal relationships are those in which people’s primary concern is with the welfare of the other person (e.g., a child), whereas exchange relationships are

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. How Can Helping Be Increased?

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Increasing the Likelihood that Bystanders Will Intervene

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Positive Psychology and Prosocial Behavior