1. can apes ape? and what do they know about the mind? dr fenja ziegler c82 sad lecture 3

2. unique to humans? children display a very early understanding of others’ psychological states what about our closest relatives?

3. apes... good apers? will the chimp become more human? before age 2:.... superior at all tests (apart from imitation) after age 2: reversal in test performance (language?) Gua & Donald Kellogg

4. here’s looking at.......what you’re looking at why the eyes? why not mouth...? 6 months: can track if head shifted 12 months: track eyes but only if in own field of vision 18 months: even turn around to look behind Butterworth & Jarrett, 1991

5. what’s good about tracking gaze? social referencing (Source et al. 1985) Language development (Baldwin, 1994) communication (Robinson & Mitchell, 1992)

6. can chimps follow gaze? chimp looks to spot behind her chimp tries to look behind screen target cannot be what I cannot see Povinelli & Eddy (1996)

7. i like (don’t like) what you’re looking at

8. adults’ gaze following Lobmaier et al. 2006 so, we’re good at gaze following...... but...biased by presence of objects

9. are we really special? are chimps capable of empathy? Premack and Woodruff (1978): Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? do you need empathy to give the right answer?

10. good cop...bad cop... understanding deception good cop gives, bad cop does not... where do you point? (Woodruff and Premack, 1979) after 50 trials search where the informed person points chimps distinguish between bucket/ no bucket Povinelli et al.

11. who to ask? gets around training study who would you ask for food? who has food who has knowledge of food beg if face visible no special importance to eyes

12. non-verbal fb task Call and Tomasello, 1999

13. so, do chimps have a ToM? reports of tactical deception in the wild (cover that chimphood!) failure to solve tasks in lab negative evidence difference? cooperation vs competition

14. so, do chimps have a ToM? reports of tactical deception in the wild (cover that chimphood!) failure to solve tasks in lab negative evidence difference? cooperation vs competition

15. successful behaviour = intention unsuccessful attempts and accidents: respond to goal or behaviour chimps imitate rationally chimps understand goals, intentions

16. altruistic helping

17. out of reach

19. physical obstacle

20. wrong result

21. wrong means

22. altruistic helping Warneken & Tomasello, 2006 children and chimps both willing to help no reward differ in ability to interpret others’ need for help?

23. chimps know what others know.... and what they believe? competitive game take turns to choose from 3 containers with 1/2 pieces of food understand ignorance but not false belief has seen one but not the other hidden has made one choice has been misled about the location of the food can you predict the choice? select hidden more often if 2nd

24. brainy birds dealing with thieves strategies to prevent theft only those who had thieved understood about thieving others Clayton et al.

25. social dog... rational ape Bräuer et al. 2006

26. nature’s psychologists social animals have to become nature’s psychologists must come up with way of doing psychology introspection, modelling, reasoning by analogy elements of social cognition seem to have evolved separately animals have ToM... in some sense

27. Bayliss, A. P., Frischen, A., Fenske, M. J., & Tipper, S. P. (2007). Cognition, 104, 644-653. Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2008). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(5), 187-192 (review article) Kaminski, J., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. (2008). Cognition, 109 (2), 224- 234. Kellogg, W. & Kellogg, L. (1933) The ape and the child. New York: McGraw-Hill Povinelli, D.J. and Vonk. J. (2003) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7.4, 157–160. Tomasello, M., Call, J. and Hare, B. (2003) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7- 153-156. Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. (2006) Science, 311, 1301-1303 selected key references