1. ASAS SAINTIFIK KEGIATAN MANUSIA
Norlena Salamuddin, PhD
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

2. Pengenalan Sains Sukan Sains Pergerakan Manusia Kepelbagaian bidang
Kepelbagaian Aplikasi

3. Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Kemunculan Satu Disiplin Ilmu Saintifik
Disiplin ilmu saintifik mempunyai fokus utama
Pencantuman beberapa disiplin membentuk satu disiplin baru
Ditambah dengan kemajuan dalam penyelidikan
Minat yang sama sering menjadi pencetus

4. Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Sains Senam dan Ilmu Berkaitan
Ilmu utama yang pelbagai termasuklah:
Fizik
Kimia
Anatomy/Fisiologi
Perubatan

5. Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Satu disiplin akademik
Suatu pengetahuan formal yang ditemui, dibangunkan dan disebarkan melalui penyelidikan
Ciri-ciri disiplin akademik
Satu bidang pengetahuan
Mempunyai kerangka konseptual
Prosedur akademik dan kaedah penyelidikan yang tepat
Ada proses penemuan dan hasil akhirnya

6. Skop Sains Sukan – tiga bidang utama
Psikologi: merangkumi aspek perlakuan dalam bersukan termasuklah aspek pembelajaran
Fisiologi: bagaimana sistem fisiologi bertindakbalas dan penyesuaian terhadap latihan
Biomekanik: bagaimana prinsip-prinsip fizik dan mekanikal mendasari pergerakan manusia

7. Apakah Sains Sukan?

8. SAINS SUKAN MEKANISMA PERFORMANCE SAINS SENAM GERIATRIC FACTORS
ADULT FITNESS/ MEDICAL ASPECTS
PAEDIATRIC FACTORS
GERIATRIC FACTORS
ERGONOMICS
NUTRITION
PERFORMANCE

9. Biology: interdisciplinary study of life

10. EXERCISE SCIENCE: GENERAL TERM -
study of biological responses and adaptations to exercise and training
depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering
includes various specialities

11. SPORT SCIENCE:
enhancement of sport performance and sport equipment through the application of scientific methods and principles

12. EXERCISE SCIENTISTS:
- uses exercise or training to understand biology
SPORT SCIENTISTS:
- uses biology to understand sport
function to bridge the gap between science and sport

13. To be a better sport scientist(s):
1. be a very good scientist
2. be interested in the sport(s) and the development of elite performance
3. knowledge of sport(s) – personal interest
4. knowledge of training practices and outcomes
5. be willing to train like they do ? – better understand the sport
6. regular discussions with athletes and coaches
7. understand the politics
8. provoke thought -challenge
Become part of the sport.

14. Bidang Sains Sukan Fisiologi Senam
The study of the causes and consequences of bodily functioning and changes occurring due to physical activity
Based on an understanding of the anatomic and physiological bases of human movement
Investigates the biochemical reactions that supply muscles with energy
Examines changes in the cardiovascular system and other physiological parameters

15. Bidang Sains Sukan Perubatan Sukan
The study and application of the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries
Design and help implement conditioning programs
Assess injuries and needs for immediate first aid
Provide preventive taping and treatment modalities
Work with physicians to help athletes regain their abilities to perform

16. Bidang Sains Sukan Pembelajaran motor
The study of the internal processes associated with movement or repetitive actions that result in changes in response or performance
Important to the learning of motor skills are:
Relationship of movements to prior knowledge and skills
Transfer of learning
Involvement of cognitive processes
Types of practice sessions
Feedback
Building on the neuro-muscular pathways learned through motor control, motor learning, knowledge of results, feedback, and optimal practice methods

17. Bidang Sains Sukan Perkembangan motor
The maturation and changes in motor behavior throughout life and the factors that affect them
Performance of motor skills is influenced by genetic, environmental, and developmental factors
Throughout life, individuals progress from unskilled movements to the learning of complex motor patterns
Perceptual-motor skills are especially important to the learning of sport skills

18. Bidang Sains Sukan Biomekanik Sukan
The study of the effects of anatomical and physiological effects of natural laws and internal and external forces acting on the human body during movement
Factors that influence human movement include:
Force of muscular contractions
Flexion, extension, pronation and supination of muscles
Composition of muscle fibers
Equilibrium, center of gravity, and base of support
Transfer of momentum
Force absorption
Leverage
Biomechanical analyses examine acceleration, energy, mass, power, torque, and velocity

19. Bidang Sains Sukan Sejarah Sukan
The descriptive and analytical examination of significant people, events, organizations, and trends that shaped the past
Descriptive history explains
Events
Individual contributions
Pivotal happenings
Analytical history explains
The significance of historical occurrences
Interpretations within the societal context

20. Bidang Sains Sukan Pengurusan Sukan
The study of the theoretical and applied aspects of leading, planning, organizing, staffing, funding, and conducting sporting events
Includes management functions planning, organizing, directing and evaluating
Involves business components of marketing, accounting, economics, finance and law

21. Bidang Sains Sukan Falsafah Sukan
The study of the beliefs and values of humans as displayed within sport and an analysis of their meaning and significance
Examines the beautiful and ugly and the good and bad in sport
Seeks an understanding of how and why people play and engage in sport

22. Bidang Sains Sukan Psikologi Sukan
The study of human behavior in sport, including an understanding of the mental processes that interact with motor skill performance
Includes the study of the theories of learning, importance of reinforcement, and linkages of perceptual and motor factors
Involves a understanding of achievement motivation, arousal, attribution, and personality development

23. Bidang Sains Sukan Sosiology Sukan
The study of sport as a social phenomenon and an examination of the social structures,
Seeking to understand why people play and how their involvement with sports influences them
Examines concepts such as social mobility, class and gender stratification, racial and ethnic discrimination, team dynamics, and social consciousness and values

24. Bidang Sains Sukan Teknologi
Incorporates the use of computer software as a tool to achieve physical education, exercise science and sport goals
Exercise and sport scientists use technology hardware and software to help in the analysis of human movement, to measure the effectiveness of exercise programs on bodily functions, and for data collection and analysis
The internet provides access to articles published in professional journals and via search engines

25. Bidang Sains Sukan Pengajian Ilmu Kemanusiaan
Help focus on the aesthetic aspects of movement, such as through art, literature, and music
Art includes various forms of dance and sculptures of athletes and human movement
Literature can include sports biographies as well as analytical critiques about sport and physical activity
Music can accompany human movement to enrich the experience

26. SPORTS SCIENCE:BASIC FUNCTIONS
1. EDUCATION
2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK
3. RESEARCH

27. EDUCATION 1. coach (coaching the coach)/students 2. athlete
3. other sports scientists – mentor junior scientists

28. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK
INTEGRATED APPROACH
PICK THE BEST TESTS - BUT!!!
- relatively simple test - good reliability
- insure fast and reliable feedback for coaches and athletes
- make sure results are comprehensible and usable
ONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICE

29. RESEARCH
a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation in order to discover facts or principles
to investigate carefully
SEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITY
CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS RARELY PUSHED AHEAD

30. RESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCE
1. Practical
2. How can it be applied – not always apparent to the coach/athlete
3. Performance oriented
- coach - sport scientists interaction
- results should be reported ASAP
- often carried out within the sports testing programme

31. A NECESSITY: INTEGRATED
PROGRAMME PLANNING
Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?
– a good coach does not simply imitate but innovates
- Art and Science
IDEALLY- SPORT SCIENCE AND COACHES WORK TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A TRAINING/TESTING PROGRAMME

32. THE IDEAL: DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO THE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHES
MSN
COACH/ATHLETE
Persatuan Sukan
DATA COLLECTION
Komiti Kejurulatihan

33. TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME PLANNING: TWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

34. EXERCISE CONTINUUM
STRENGTH
EXERCISE
POWER
EXERCISE
ENDURANCE
EXERCISE ?
STRENGTH
TRAINING
POWER
TRAINING
ENDURANCE
TRAINING

35. RECOVERY RECOVERY RECOVERY

36. Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Summary Points
Exercise Science and Sports Science are new fields of study formed by merging other disciplines
Major areas of concentration include: physiology, biomechanics and psychology
Anecdotal evidence can be presented through: testimonial approach, tenacity, knowledge of authority, and rationalistic method

37. Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Summary Points (cont.)
Scientific method uses : controlled observation, hypothesis, and experimentation
Basic research lays foundation for Applied and “Translational” research, which allows for improvements to specific areas of Exercise and Sports Science

38. THE END