1. STRESS Selye-- General Adaptation Syndrome (1930s) Brady (1954)-- Executive monkeys Weiss (1972)-- Coping ; Lazarus (1980)-cognitive appraisal Seligman (1974)-- Learned helplessness Kobasa(1979)-hardiness ; Harlow; Ackerman (1982)- early weaning French et al (1975)-- Hypothalamus Henke (1979)-- Amygdala/ Hippocampal Formation VTA>>>DA---Enkephalin N. Basalis>>>Ach---GABA, BZD Dentate gyrus-- LTP>>NMDA(Glutamate), Enkephalin Henke et al., (1991). Digest. Dis. Sci., 36, 1633-1643. McEwen (2001)--CA3 dentritic atrophy; corticosterone (cortisol) Sapolsky (1999)--PTSD, schizophrenia: hippocampal volume depression: amygdala, hippocampus

2. Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Sympathetic NS ACTH (adrenocorticotropic h) Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Cortisol Adrenalin, Noradrenalin - Glucose utilization - Blood shunt to brain+muscles - Vigilance - Release glucose - Protein to glucose - BP up - Fats - Memory storage (amygdala) - Blood flow CRF

3. SAC CEA PLA (BLA?) Sthal CA1 - CA3 DGEC HYPO DVComplex PAG

4. SAC - sensory association cortex CEA - central amygdala PLA - posterior lateral amygdala, BLA – basolateral amygdala CA1-CA3 - hippocampal fields DG - dentate gyrus EC - entorhinal cortex Sthal - sensory thalamus HYPO - hypothalamus DVComplex - dorsal vagal complex (dorsal motor n. vagus, solitary tract n.) CRF (CRH) – corticotropin-releasing factor (-hormone) ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone