1. Vegetation Regions

3. Tundra Types of Natural Vegetation -Shrubs, mosses, lichens, small flowers Temperature Characteristics -cold, short growing season Precipitation Characteristics -Very little ; most areas <400mm Soil Characteristics -thin soils, permafrost

4. Boreal and Taiga Forest Types of Natural Vegetation -Coniferous and hearty deciduous trees Temperature Characteristics -Cold temperatures, short growing season Precipitation Characteristics -Wet climate Soil Characteristics - Very little humus, shallow grey-coloured topsoil, acidic, most minerals washed away, leached, infertile soil, few bacteria and earthworms

5. Mixed Forest Types of Natural Vegetation -coniferous and deciduous trees, small shrubs Temperature Characteristics -Temperate climates- warm summers, cool winters -In Maritimes, cold winds create harsh climates on coast Precipitation Characteristics -regular, abundant Soil Characteristics -deep, grey-brown top soil(rich in minerals), lots of humus, few soluble mineral because of leaching, suitable for farming

6. Deciduous Forest Types of Natural Vegetation -deciduous trees Temperature Characteristics -long, hot summers, mild winters -min. 5 months of warm weather Precipitation Characteristics -Plentiful Soil Characteristics -less acidic and more humus than Mixed Forest, humus rich dark brown topsoil, some leaching, most fertile soil in E. Canada

7. Tundra Types of Natural Vegetation Temperature Characteristics Precipitation Characteristics Soil Characteristics

8. Grasslands- Short Grass Types of Natural Vegetation -drought resistant short grass, sagebrush and cactus Trembling aspen, willow and spruce (in river valley) Temperature Characteristics -cold winters, hot summers Precipitation Characteristics -very dry, limited rainfall, high evaporation Soil Characteristics -limited humus, calcified soil, unsuitable for crops, good for animal grazing

9. Grassland- Long Grass Types of Natural Vegetation -Long grass, grains, oil seeds Temperature Characteristics -Cold winters, hot summers Precipitation Characteristics -dry, increased precip., enough rainfall to keep minerals in reach of roots Soil Characteristics -rich, black humus (large amounts), richest soil in Canada, produces some of worlds best grains

10. Grassland-Parkland Types of Natural Vegetation -long grass with clumps of trees(coniferous in North, Deciduous in South) Temperature Characteristics -cold winters, hot summers Precipitation Characteristics -more in grass areas than forested area Soil Characteristics -transitional- rich, black soil in grass and grey soil in Boreal forest

11. Cordilleran Vegetation Types of Natural Vegetation -varies due to precipitation and temperature -grasses and cactus (dry, hot valleys east of mountains) -coniferous forests on lower slopes (higher precipitation) -flower meadows and shrubs(Tundra areas and higher on slopes) -no vegetation on highest slopes Temperature Characteristics -Warmer in valleys than high in mountains -Dry, hot valleys on east side of mountains -Temp is colder with elevation Precipitation Characteristics -heavier on west side of mountains -Drier on east side -Heavier on lower slopes -- snow and ice in highest slopes Soil Characteristics - various types depending on area - Irrigation is often required for agriculture

12. West Coast Forest Types of Natural Vegetation - Temperate rain forest, trees more than 1m in diameter and over 50 m high Temperature Characteristics -Mild climate Precipitation Characteristics -Heavy rainfall Soil Characteristics - Lots of humus, leached soil