1. How does DNA control cell activities?

2. Protein Production The sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains instructions for producing proteins. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains instructions for producing proteins. What are proteins? What are proteins? Which cellular organelles are associated with the production of proteins? Which cellular organelles are associated with the production of proteins?

3. What are proteins? Polymers constructed from long chains of amino acids. Polymers constructed from long chains of amino acids. –Peptide bonds join together amino acids. Proteins regulate cell functions. Proteins regulate cell functions. Comprise filaments in muscle tissue Comprise filaments in muscle tissue Enzymes control chemical reactions in a cell Enzymes control chemical reactions in a cell –Breaking down glucose –Forming spindle fibers in mitosis

4. How many types of nucleic acids are found in your cells? DNA DNA –Deoxyribonucleic Acid –5-Carbon Sugar = Deoxyribose –Double-stranded RNA RNA –Ribonucleic Acid –5-Carbon Sugar = Ribose –Single-stranded

5. RNA-What does it do? Same nitrogenous bases as DNA…EXCEPT thymine is replaced with URACIL Same nitrogenous bases as DNA…EXCEPT thymine is replaced with URACIL Uracil pairs with Adenine Uracil pairs with Adenine Takes instructions from DNA and builds proteins amino acid by amino acid. Takes instructions from DNA and builds proteins amino acid by amino acid.

6. How many types of RNA help build proteins? mRNA mRNA –Messenger RNA –Copies instructions from DNA in nucleus –Brings instructions from nucleus to the cytoplasm to the ribosome –CODON Three nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid Three nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid

7. How many types of RNA help build proteins? rRNA rRNA –Ribosomal RNA –Composes ribosomes –Binds to mRNA and uses instructions to assemble amino acids in the correct order

8. How many types of RNA help build proteins? tRNA tRNA –Transfer RNA –Delivers amino acids to ribosome for protein assembly –ANTICODON Three-nucleotide sequence attached to amino acid. Three-nucleotide sequence attached to amino acid. Complimentary to mRNA codon Complimentary to mRNA codon

9. Process of protein synthesis http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/JWANAMA KER/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20 -%20long.html http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/JWANAMA KER/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20 -%20long.html http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/JWANAMA KER/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20 -%20long.html http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/JWANAMA KER/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20 -%20long.html

10. Two Parts of Protein Synthesis TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION –Occurs in nucleus –mRNA gets information from DNA and takes out to ribosomes TRANSLATION TRANSLATION –Occurs at ribosomes in cytoplasm –Converts information in mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids in a protein

11. Transcription Process Enzymes unzip DNA molecule in specific location Enzymes unzip DNA molecule in specific location Free RNA nucleotides form complimentary base pairs with the nucleotides on the DNA strand Free RNA nucleotides form complimentary base pairs with the nucleotides on the DNA strand mRNA strand breaks away and DNA strand rejoins mRNA strand breaks away and DNA strand rejoins mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm through nuclear pores mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

12. Translation Process For protein assembly, different amino acids in cytoplasm must be delivered to the ribosomes For protein assembly, different amino acids in cytoplasm must be delivered to the ribosomes Each tRNA molecule attaches to a specific amino acid Each tRNA molecule attaches to a specific amino acid tRNA ANTICODONS pair with complimentary mRNA CODON tRNA ANTICODONS pair with complimentary mRNA CODON

13. Translation Process Amino acids form peptide bonds with each other to form long chains called POLYPEPTIDES or PROTEINS Amino acids form peptide bonds with each other to form long chains called POLYPEPTIDES or PROTEINS This process continues until a STOP codon is reached This process continues until a STOP codon is reached

14. Translation Process Then the amino acid chain breaks off and twists into a complex 3D shape Then the amino acid chain breaks off and twists into a complex 3D shape Different proteins = Different cell structures and enzymes Different proteins = Different cell structures and enzymes