1. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 9.0 THE ALMOND TREE EFFECT CLIMATIC SITE ANALYSIS COURSE NAME: applied climatology COURSE CODE: ARC 810 DEDARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AKURE

2. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 9.1 SITE ANALYSIS 9.2 THE SITE CLIMATE 9.3 THE FORM OF DWELLINGS SUBTOPICS

3. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Site analysis is an integral part of pre-design analysis and it may involve physical, infra- structural, ecological, cultural, aesthetic, acoustic and climatic site analysis. The site climate is determined by climatic variables, ground cover and topography. INTRODUCTION

4. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Climatic site analysis should provide design guidelines for layout, orientation, spacing, cross-ventilation, treatment of spaces between buildings, shade trees, courtyards, shape and height of buildings as well as house form.

5. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 9.1 SITE ANALYSIS THE ARCHITECT CAN CHOOSE BETWEEN 2 OR MORE SITE IN ORDER TO CONDUCT A SITE ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE BEST SITE. THE MAIN FOCUS OF SITE ANALYSIS IS TO DESCOVER THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE SITE AND HOW TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF POSITIVE ASPECTS AND COUNTER NEGATIVE EFFECTS.

6. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria there are several analyses that can be carried out in site planning, these include;  PHYSICAL SITE ANALYSIS  INFRASTRUCTURAL SITE ANALYSIS  ECOLOGICAL SITE ANALYSIS  CULTURAL SITE ANALYSIS  AESTHETICAL SITE ANALYSIS  ACOUSTICS AND CLIMATIC SITE ANALYSIS

7. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria PHYSICAL SITE ANALYSIS Physical site analysis involves analysis of the type and depth of the soil and substructure for foundation design. Water bodies, underground streams, swampiness and drainage are analyzed.

8. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria INFRASTRUCTURAL SITE ANALYSIS The infrastructural site analysis covers existing buildings, roads, paths and all services including electricity, sewerage, water and telephone.

9. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ECOLOGICAL SITE ANALYSIS The ecological site analysis deals with dominant plant and animal communities; their self regulation and sensibility to change; mapping of ground cover and trees to be retained.

10. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CULTURAL SITE ANALYSIS The cultural site analysis involves studies of the resident population including group and individual identification with site, meanings attached to site, symbolic expression, hope, fears, wishes and preferences.

11. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria AESTHETICAL SITE ANALYSIS Aesthetic site analysis is a study of the character of the site, vistas, viewpoints, smell and rhythm of visual sequences

12. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ACOUSTICS AND CLIMATIC SITE ANALYSIS Acoustic site analysis maps out the sources of noise and means of prevention. The climatic site analysis deals with the site climate.

13. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING FORM IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CLIMATE ELEMENT AND REQUIREMENT PURPOSE Warm humidMinimize building dept Minimize west facing walls Maximize south and north walls Maximize surface area Maximize window wall For ventilation To reduce heat gain For night cooling For ventilation

14. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING FORM IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CLIMATE ELEMENT AND REQUIREMENT PURPOSE CompositeControlled building depth Minimize west wall Limited south wall Medium area of window wall For thermal capacity To reduce heat gain For ventilation and some winter heating For controlled ventilation

15. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING FORM IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CLIMATE ELEMENT AND REQUIREMENT PURPOSE Hot dryMinimize south and west walls Minimize surface area Maximize building depth Minimize window wall To reduce heat gain To reduce heat gain and loss To increase thermal capacity To control ventilation heat gain and light

16. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 9.2 SITE ANALYSIS The site climate differs from site. This is as a result of the such factors which include  climatic variables,  the ground cover and  the topography.

17. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Process of analysis The necessary data are collected and adjusted where necessary to reflect actual site conditions. The thermal comfort conditions are established and general and detail design guidelines are produced.

18. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria SURFACE AREA/VOLUME CRITERION FOR BUILDING DESIGN Breadth/Height ratio length/ breadth ratio 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.5 1.17 1.05 1.06 1.11 1.17 0.1 1.06 1.0 1.05 1.12 1.19 2.0 1.05 1.06 1.17 1.27 1.37 3.0 1.10 1.16 1.31 1.44 1.56 4.0 1.17 1.26 1.46 1.61 1.75

19. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 9.3THE FORM OF DWELLINGS The shape of a building plays a big role in the determination of how the building will gain and lose heat. The ability of a building to store heat, that is its thermal capacity, increases with the volume of the building. On the other hand, its ability to lose heat is related to the surface area. 9.3.1 THE SHAPE

20. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 9.3.2 The spacing The spacing of buildings affects ventilation and lighting. Wider spacing increases ventilation and illumination. However, not only internal ventilation and day lighting should be considered in the spacing of buildings. The protection and enclosure of external spaces and the provision of shade, breeze and sun for outdoor comfort are also important.

21. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Design guideline recommendations The general design guidelines cover the layout, orientation, spacing, cross-ventilation, special acoustic treatment, treatment of space between buildings, need for shade trees, use of courtyards and verandas, shape and height of buildings and house form.

22. ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 810: Building Climatology Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Detail recommendations The detail recommendations include type and dimensions of shading devices, construction and material of walls, floors and roofs; window size and position, roof slope, protection against glare and finishing of surfaces to provide protection against driving rain and direct sunlight.