1. Benchmark Review May 22 nd exam

2. Key Concepts Key Concept 1: Compounds contain carbon are called organic compounds. Key Concept 2: Many organic compounds often contain hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur, in addition to carbon. Key Concept 3: All living things are made up of organic compounds.

3. Chemical change: when a new substance is formed. Evidence of a chemical change: Bubbles, Odor (generally evidence of a gas), Color change (not always reliable, but often), temperature change, evidence of burning Chemical digestion: the process of breaking food down into smaller molecules

4. Physical change: changing the state or appearance of something Examples: breaking a pencil, melting an ice cube, freezing water Compare/contrast digestion: Physical- chewing food, stomach muscles churning or breaking up food Chemical – saliva in the mouth, stomach acids breaking down food molecules

5. Work: The product of force and distance when a force is used to move an object It is work to move a block up a ramp. The steeper the ramp, the more work. However, the more MASS added, even more work has to be done, more so than making the ramp steeper.

6. Gravity: the force that pushes against everything. Unbalanced forces: in order for things to move, one force has to be greater than the other-

7. Reading a graph: When is there “no change” on this graph?

8. Inertia the tendency of an object to keep doing what it’s doing- still, it stays still; moving, it keeps moving

9. Turgor pressure the pressure exerted on a plant cell wall by water passing into the cell by osmosis

10. Pathogen any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism.

11. Input Force The force exerted on a machine

12. Output force The force exerted on an object on a by a machine

13. Homeostasis The process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment

14. What turgor pressure does for a plant Turgor pressure helps the plant maintain a constant size and shape as the water exerts a force against the cell wall

15. Response An action or change in behavior that occurs as the result of a stimulus

16. Stimulus A change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react

17. Cell Theory What are the three parts to the cell theory? All living things are made of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Cells are the basic structure and function of living things. Evidence of cell theory?? Give examples

18. Survival What is needed for survival? *food *shelter *water What is needed for life? *energy (sun) *oxygen *carbon *hydrogen Natural selection: when a trait is beneficial for survival and is passed on to the next generation (no goal, an accident) Selective breeding: when a trait is selected, such as dog-breeding or horse-breeding for a particular attribute or characteristic (a goal desired)

19. What is natural selection and how does it happen? “Survival of the fittest”, such as, if an organism’s environment changes, the characteristics that it has inherited help determine whether it can adapt to the changed environment. For example, if an organism has adapted a very specialized diet in which it can eat only one thing, then that organism will not adapt to change easily.

20. What determines the speed of natural selection? The organisms reproduction rate. List a few organisms that have the ability to adapt very quickly (minutes to hours) versus some that take generations Bacteria, viruses, one-celled organisms,etc. Any multi-cellular organism, especially mammals

21. What is a dichotomous key? How is it used? What types of traits are most useful when using a key? A dichotomous key is a series of paired statements or questions that lead to the identification of an organism. Observable characteristics are best for a dichotomous key.

22. How are the bright colors of a coral snake, poison dart frog, or monarch butterfly an advantage when they do nothing to provide camouflage? Answers…. They provide a warning or our a subterfuge (hide something- like the monarch butterfly)

23. Mimicry Monarch ButterflyViceroy Butterfly

24. Sometimes, the adaption is as a warning to predators- Don’t mess with us! We’re poisonous!

25. Adaptations An adaptation is a trait that enables an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. –Examples: mimicry and camouflage

26. Trial and Error Learning Trial and error learning occurs when an animal, through repeated practice, learns to perform a behavior more and more skillfully.

27. What is the definition of adaptation? It is a trait that enables an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

28. Reproductive Adaptations Organisms have many adaptations that help ensure that reproduction will take place. For example, many flowers have brightly colored petals or strong scents that attract insects. The insects pick up pollen, which contains sperm cells and carry it to other flowers. This enables the sperm in the pollen to fertilize an egg in the second flower.

29. Adaptation and Environmental Change If an organism’s environment changes, the characteristics that it has inherited help determine whether it can adapt to the changed environment. For example, if an organism has adapted a very specialized diet in which it can eat only one thing, then that organism will not adapt to change easily.

30. This is what has happened to the Giant Panda. The forests that grow bamboo, the panda’s only food, have partially been destroyed. Since their food supply has been reduced the numbers of Giant Panda have drastically decreased.

31. 1. What three factors affect the biodiversity of an ecosystem? Area, climate, and niche diversity 2. What is one reason coral reefs are such diverse ecosystems? The provide many different niches for organisms, so more species can live there than in a more uniform environment.

32. When is asexual reproduction more advantageous than sexual reproduction? Advantages of asexual: Large numbers of offspring are reproduced very quickly from only one parent when conditions are favorable, environments that are stable and experience very little change are the best places for organism that reproduce asexually. Large number of organisms mean that species may survive when conditions or predators are numerous Disadvantages of asexual: Unfavorable conditions such as extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies

33. What drives biodiversity (what at the cellular level causes it?) The sustainability ( the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance of species ) of a species in an ecosystem. environment Genetic code- DNA

34. How are managed areas such as tree farms and fisheries different in regards to biodiversity than a comparable natural area? Is there greater biodiversity, less, or the same? View the pictures on the next slide and write your answer

35. Fish FarmFish in a lake Tree Farm Forest

36. Identify three ways that biodiversity is important: Economic value: supply raw materials for many products, especially medicines Interconnectedness: “we are all in this together” idea- write an explanation of what that means to you and how it applies here. Gene pool diversity: species that lack diversity are less able to adapt to difficult situations.

37. When is asexual reproduction more advantageous than sexual reproduction? Advantages of asexual: Large numbers of offspring are reproduced very quickly from only one parent when conditions are favorable, environments that are stable and experience very little change are the best places for organism that reproduce asexually. Large number of organisms mean that species may survive when conditions or predators are numerous Disadvantages of asexual: Unfavorable conditions such as extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies

38. Photosynthesis Radiant energy (sunlight/visible light) is trapped by chloroplast and converted by chlorophyll into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar)

39. Food Chain Identify the producers and first and second level consumers in this food chain

40. Energy in a Food Chain What happens to energy as it passes through a food chain?

41. Energy Pyramid

42. Food web review: What happens when you remove an organism from the web?

43. What do the lines in a food web show?

44. What are some of the limitations of this web:

45. Review the levels of organization. What is the smallest example. (Remember that cells have special names when they have a special function, i.e., neuron Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

46. What is biodiversity? What are three factors that affect biodiversity? Biodiversity- the number of species in an area 3 factors that affect biodiversity include area, climate, and diversity of niche Niche- an organism’s particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living