1. Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes
11.5 Functional Groups

2. Elements in Organic Compounds
In organic molecules, C atoms form bonds
mostly with H and other C atoms
sometimes with atoms of O, S, N, P, and halogens F, Cl, and Br

3. Functional Groups Functional groups
are a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave in a predictable way
are composed of an atom or group of atoms
are groups that replace a H in the corresponding alkane
provide a way to classify families of organic compounds

4. Some Functional Groups

5. Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms.
Alkynes contain a triple bond.
Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring.

6. Alcohols and Ethers
An alcohol contains the hydroxyl (–OH) functional group.
In an ether, an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms (–C–O–C–).

7. Thiols
In a thiol, the functional group –SH is bonded to a carbon atom.

8. Aldehydes and Ketones
An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O), which is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom, attached to at least one hydrogen.
In a ketone, the carbon of the carbonyl group is attached to two other carbon atoms.

9. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group.
An ester contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms.

10. Amines and Amides
In an amine, the functional group is a nitrogen atom.
In an amide, the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group.

11. Learning Check
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.

12. Solution
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.