1. PUBLIC OPINION AND PARTICIPATION
Topics #30-33

2. Study Guide Questions
What normative prescriptions does democratic theory make about citizens’ level of information about, understanding of, and participation in politics and public affairs?
As an empirical matter, how well do you think typical citizens actually meet these normative prescriptions?
On what sorts of political issues do you think Americans mostly agree? On what sorts of issues do think may there be quite profound and intense disagreement among Americans?

3. Studying Public Opinion
Tocqueville studied American political culture and public opinion in 1830 through travel, observation, and conversation.
He found a “Lockean liberal consensus.”
Other observers, journalists, and politicians studied public opinion in like manner for the next 100 years.
About 75 years ago, a new and more systematic method was developed to study public opinion.

4. Survey Research (Polling)
Survey research (polling) – two steps (see K&J, Box p. 386):
Select a (descriptively) representative sample of the public.
This can be done by selecting a random sample of the public (in the manner of “election by lot” for a “sample assembly”).
The mathematical laws of probability assure us that the sample will be a (descriptively) representative sample of the public (cf. sample assembly/election by lot),
with a margin of error that depends on the size of the sample.
But even small samples (e.g., ) have quite small (e.g., ± 3%) margins of error.
It takes fairly elaborate procedures to select a random sample.
Work hard to get a high response rate.
Interview respondents (over the phone or, preferably, in person) using
a standard questionnaire
with carefully designed and unbiased questions.

5. Survey Research and Polling (cont.)
Commercial Polls:
Gallup Poll, etc.
Media polls
Exit polls
Political consultants
Academic/scientific surveys:
American National Election Studies (U. of Michigan)
General Social Survey (U. of Chicago)
50+ years of polling and survey research allows us to see patterns over time,
for example, with respect to Presidential approval (cf. Neustadt’s “public prestige”).

6. Presidential Approval
“Do you approve or disapprove of the way George W. Bush is handling his job as President?”
“Honeymoon Effect”
“Rally Round the Flag Effect”
“Coalition of Minorities Effect”

7. Obama Presidential Approval

8. Historical Presi-dential Approval Honeymoon Effect Rally Round the Flag Effect Coalition of Minorities Effect

10. Overview of Public Opinion
Elite vs. mass opinion
Most members of the mass public don’t pay much attention to politics, and consequently
are relatively poorly informed about politics (see K&J, Box on p. 394).
Many responses to questions may be almost random.
Nevertheless aggregate public opinion responds to events (and elite discussion) in a fairly rational way.
Presidential approval (previous slides and K&J, p. 391)
Women and minorities as Presidential candidates (previous slides and K&J, p. 399)
Defense spending (next slide and K&J, p. 399)
General political information doesn’t have much “payoff” for most members of the mass public.
But they may be attentive and well informed about issues that affect them directly.
Specialized and asymmetric information.

11. Overview of Public Opinion (cont.)
The American public displays
a relatively high degree of constitutional consensus,
reflecting the “Lockean liberal consensus” (Topic #29), though
it often don’t exhibit (in polls) a strong commitment to civil liberties for unpopular groups, but also
a relatively high degree policy dissensus on certain issues, but
with little inclination for large-scale redistributive (compared with European public opinion).
Recall: emphasis on equality of opportunity vs. equality of results (Topic #29: American Political Culture)

12. Public Opinion on Defense Spending

13. Group Affiliation and Conflict
Opinion on issues often reflects people’s group affiliations
Economic status:
Vertical (class, income, SES, etc.)
Horizontal (sector, industry)
Other demographic characteristics:
region
urban vs. rural (districting examples)
race/ethnicity
religion, etc.

14. Reinforcing vs. Crosscutting Affiliations and Opinions

15. Reinforcing vs. Crosscutting Opinions (cont.)
Actual societies have multiple lines of conflict.
Consequences of reinforcing vs. crosscutting pattern:
The reinforcing pattern patterns is characterized by
two large groups with
conflicting opinions all issues.
Your “enemy” on one issue is also your “enemy” on other issues.
The crosscutting pattern is characterized by
a multiplicity of small groups,
none of which close to majority size, and
any two of which agree on some issues and disagree on others.
Your “enemy” on one issue may be your “friend” on other issues.

16. Reinforcing vs. Crosscutting Opinions (cont.)
The reinforcing pattern therefore produces
polarization and conflict, and perhaps either
a majority faction (Madison, Fed. 10), or
political instability and civil war.
The crosscutting pattern, in contrast, produces
a multiplicity of minority factions (Madison, Fed. 10),
which must form coalitions to attain majority size, and
to do this, they must moderate their goals.
Moreover, coalitions shift from issue to issue, so
each group sometimes wins and sometimes loses.
U.S. vs. Northern Ireland

17. Elite vs. Mass Opinion Party affiliation and identification Ideology:
Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a Republican, a Democrat, an Independent, or what? [If partisan] Would you call yourself a strong Republican/Democrat or a not very strong Republican/Democrat? [If Independent] Do you think of yourself as closer to the Democratic Party or the Republican Party?
About 95% of the mass public identify themselves as Democratic, Republican, or Independent.
Follow-up question:
strong vs. weak partisans,
independent leaners.
Ideology:
We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. Where would you place yourself in these terms, or haven’t you thought much about this?
About 25% of the mass public “haven’t thought much about this.”

18. Party Identification: 1952-2004

19. Party Identification “Colors” Presidential Approval (and other opinions)

20. Ideology at the Mass Level

21. At the Elite Level, Party ID and Ideology Are Now Almost Perfectly Reinforcing

22. Party ID and Ideology at the Mass Level
Note the anomaly:
more Democrats than Republicans, but
more conservatives than liberals.

23. Ideology at the Mass Level
Abortion and Health Insurance opinions are crosscutting

24. Ideology at the Mass Level
Economic/New Deal Issues
vs.
Social/Cultural/”Family Values” Issues

25. Opinion Intensity, Participation, and (Local or National) Representation

26. Permissive Public Opinion: Most Legislation

27. Governing Public Opinion: Bills that are Not Even Introduced

28. Polarized Public Opinion: Abortion? (Probably Not Really)

29. Intense Minority Public Opinion: Special Interest (Distributive) Politics

30. Majoritarian Politics: Presidential Politics/Redistributive Issues

31. Interest Group (Factional) Politics