1. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Notes on a few figures… ♦Figure 16-3 ♦Fig. 16-4 ♦Fig. 16-8 ♦Fig. 16-9 ♦Fig. 16-11 ♦Figures like 16-13 ♦Iodine (as iodide) is critical for thyroid hormone production  Disorders…

2. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Pancreas  Diabetes ♦Type I Begins in children & young adults Insulin production is low Β-cells are poorly developed/malfunction ♦Type II Most common Hereditary disorder Faulty hormone receptors Insulin production is normal, BUT insulin sensation/reception at the cell is faulty  In both cases sugar levels are too HIGH

3. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Effect of High Sugar in the blood  Can lead to kidney disorder, altered blood composition  Sugar is not getting to cells  Therefore cells begin using other sources of energy ♦Energy sources such as fats and amino acids  Too much storage breakdown = ♦ketone production ♦Acidic chemical byproducts ♦pH of body fluids decreases ♦Electrolytes are disrupted ♦= Acetone breath

4. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Diabetes symptoms  Acetone breath  Classic symptoms of diabetes = 3 Ps ♦Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia  Polyuria ♦High urine output ♦kidney filtrate has high sugar, so more water diffuses out  Polydipsia ♦Water loss leads to dehydration  Polyphagia ♦Excessive hunger because glucose does not enter cells ♦Leads to weight gain

5. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  No real cure, only precaution & treatment  Type I – low insulin ♦Treatment: Insulin shots ♦BUT shots must be monitored closely ♦Insulin allows glucose to enter body tissues, except brain tissues (brain has a different mechanism) ♦High insulin – drains sugar from the brain This leads to HYPOGLYCEMIA, can lead to a coma ♦Other precautions = Reduced sugar diet No food with insulin Balanced exercise regimen ◦Too much exercise increases insulin effect on cells & deprives the brain

6. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  No real cure, only precaution & treatment  Type II – insulin is not the problem  Need drugs to increase sensitivity of cells to insulin ♦Sulfonylureas

7. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  No real cure, only precaution & treatment  Gestational diabetes ♦Develops in some pregnant women Temporary condition of diabetes Placental hormone affects insulin levels ↑ placental hormone, ↓ insulin = diabetes ♦Treatment = insulin shots Does not affect fetus because it can’t cross the placenta ♦If untreated Glucose enters fetus blood stream → fetus begins to produce excess insulin → excess sugar becomes fat → affects development

8. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Thyroid  Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) ♦Excessive thyroid hormone (thyroxine) ♦High metabolism: Weight loss High heart rate High heat production Muscle weakness ♦Treatment Inhibitory drugs Destroy part of thyroid gland with radioactive iodine

9. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Thyroid  Hypothyroidism ♦Underproduction of thryoid hormone ♦Low metabolism Lethargic Cold all the time Weight gain ♦Cause Typically – emotional stress ♦Treatment Hormone replacement therapy

10. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System Thyroid  Myxedema ♦Immune disorder ♦Antibodies attack thyroid ♦Inhibits T3 & T4 production ♦Symptoms – similar to hypothyroidism

11. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System Adrenal gland  Cushing’s syndrome ♦Excessive glucocorticoids Promotes glucose storage Less glucose available for energy Muscle weakness Consumption and redistribution of fats (b/c they are being expended) ♦Cause: Could be too much ACTH (due to a tumor in the pituitary) Could be tumor in adrenal gland (increase hormone production) ♦Treatment Remove pituitary (if 1 st one above) – need major hormone replacement therapy ♦Demo in lab – has personal story

12. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System Adrenal gland  Conn’s syndrome ♦Excessive aldosterone High Na+ retention with K+ elimination High BP Less K+ affects muscle and heme function Excessive urination Excessive aldosterone in blood (can be measured) ♦Cause Tumor in adrenal glands ♦Treatment Remove tumor and/or treat with drugs

13. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Pituitary Gland  LARGE role in homeostasis  Disturbances = disorders  Growth Hormone – ♦Normal functions Bone growth epiphysis elongation until meets with diaphysis Muscle mass increase Both roles are essential in children ♦GH levels are high during development ♦GHRH is high ♦As an adult – somatostatin is released – this limits growth ♦GH helps maintain normal body in adults

14. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Pituitary Gland  Growth Hormone –  IF GH levels increase after bone growth is completed ♦AGROMEGALY Overgrowth in middle age Distinct changes in: ◦Hands & feet, lower jaw, enlarged organs, skin changes ◦Disproportional changes – not in other areas/organs ♦Causes Pituitary tumor = adenoma (term for it) ♦Treatment Removal of tumor – surgery Drugs to suppress GH – like somatostatin Example = Somavert

15. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Pituitary Gland  Growth Hormone –  IF GH levels surge during childhood ♦=gigantism ♦Most often due to pituitary turmor ♦Not disproportional growth like agromegaly

16. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Pituitary Gland  Low levels of GH ♦= Pituitary dwarfism ♦Not disproportional like achondroplasia (genetic disorder) ♦Sometimes caused by no response to GH African pygmies = genetic ♦Rare disease – occurs in children ♦Causes could be a tumor Emotional deprivation may stop GHRH – that can be reversed ♦Treament Hormone replacement therapy Tried an animal form of GH = no effect, need human – so now they use synthetic human GH

17. 1/30/07 Wrap Up with Endocrine System  Pituitary Gland  Multiple pituitary hormones can be affected at once to lead to disorders/by tumors  This leads to more serious problems  Often Reproductive problems associated with pituitary problems  Other disorders covered in handout or on other endocrine slide show (the one I did in lab) are also fair game for the lecture test