1. REPHRASING THE WORLD Some examples to kick off

2. Present Perfect  The last time I went to Brazil was ten years ago.  I … HAVEN’T BEEN TO BRAZIL FOR TEN YEARS.  I … HAVEN’T BEEN TO BRAZIL SINCE 2001.  He hasn’t smoked since 2005.  THE LAST TIME… HE SMOKED WAS IN 2005.

3. Past Perfect  The president got elected. Then, she took some decisions.  AFTER… THE PRESIDENT HAD GOT ELECTED, SHE TOOK SOME DECISIONS.  BEFORE… SHE TOOK SOME DECISIONS, THE PRESIDENT HAD GOT ELECTED.

4. FUTURE CONTINUOUS AND PERFECT  The football match starts at 20:45 and finishes at 22:30.  AT 21:00, … THE PLAYERS WILL BE PLAYING A FOOTBALL MATCH.  BY 23:00, … THE MATCH WILL HAVE FINISHED.  BY 23:00, … AJAX WILL HAVE BEATEN THE SUGAR OUT OF REAL MADRID.

5. GOING TO  She has the intention of leaving her husband soon.  SHE IS… GOING TO LEAVE HER HUSBAND SOON.

6. CONTRAST CLAUSES  We alternate “connector + noun” and “connector + phrase” and connector at the beginning of the sentence structures.  Although it rained, we decided to go camping.  Despite… the fact it rained, we decided to go camping.  Despite… the rain, we decided to go camping.  In spite of the fact he knew all the answers, he failed the exam.  Although… he knew all the answers, he failed the exam.  Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert. However, millions of people go there every year.  Although… Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert, millions of people go there every year.  Despite… the fact that Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert, millions of people go there every year.

7. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE  Three possibilities: Cause to Consequence, Consequence to Cause or Cause to Cause.  CAUSE TO CAUSE:  I didn’t understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast. Due to… the fact that the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson. As… the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson.  CONSEQUENCE TO CAUSE:  The teacher spoke too fast. Therefore, I didn’t understand the lesson. Due to… the fact that the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson. I didn’t… understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast.  CAUSE TO CONSEQUENCE:  I didn’t understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast. The teacher… spoke too fast. Therefore, I didn’t the understand the lesson. The teacher spoke so… fast that I didn’t understand the lesson.

8. MODALS  See modals presentation and exercises.

9. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: comparisons  The soya grows faster than other plants. Equality : Other plants… don’t grow as fast as the soya. Inferiority: Other plants… grow less fast than the soya. Opposite : Other plants… grow more slowly than the soya.  I speak English better than you do. You don’t… speak English as well as I do. You… speak English worse than I do.  Nobody plays better than Iniesta. Superlative: Iniesta… is the best player (in the world).  No woman is more beautiful than Scarlett Johanson. Scarlett Johanson… is the most beautiful woman.

10. ADJECTIVES: too + adjective and adjective + enough  He’s too lazy to go to university  He isn’t… hard-working enough to go to university  This hotel is too expensive for me.  This hotel isn’t… cheap enough for me.

11. Passive voice’s three secrets  The subject becomes the object and vice-versa.  The verb “to be” must be in the same tense and form as the main verb in the active voice.  The main verb must always be in the past participle.  I drove a car: A car was driven  He cleans the room: The room is cleaned  He’s taking a picture: A picture is being taken.  We have just bought a new house: A new house has just been bought.  My students must revise the lesson: The lesson must be revised.  They should have known all the answers: All the answers should have been known.  When we think the passive object can be important we introduce it with “by”:  The beach was cleaned by the voluteers.  It’s not generally used when the active subject is “they, people…”

12. Passive voice’s two extra secrets  Sometimes, when the active verb has two objects, either one of them can the passive subject. It’s the case with verbs like “tell, show, lend, give, send…”.  He told me a story: A story was told to me I was told a story.  They gave him some money: Some money was given to him. He was given some money.  With verbs like “think, know, say, believe…” two further transformations are possible.  People believe that the Internet is essential. It is believed that the Internet is essential. The Internet is believed to be essential.

13. REPORTED SPEECH  My friend said: “it’s very hot today”.  MY FRIEND SAID THAT… IT WAS VERY HOT THAT DAY.  Her classmate asked her: “When are we finishing all these exams?”  HER CLASSMATE ASKED HER WHEN THEY WERE FINISHING ALL THOSE EXAMS.