1. Forces and Motion
PS C-5

2. 5.1 The cause of forces
A force is a push or pull, or an action that has the ability to change motion.
Forces can increase or decrease the speed of a moving object.
Forces can also change the direction in which an object is moving.

3. 5.1 How are forces created? Forces are created in many ways.
For example, your muscles create force when you swing a baseball bat.

4. Four Elemental Forces
All forces in the universe come from only four basic forces.
Electromagnetic forces are important to technology.
Gravity is a universal force.

5. 5.1 Units of force
The pound is a unit of force commonly used in the United States.
For smaller amounts, pounds are divided into ounces (oz.).
There are 16 ounces in 1 pound.

6. 5.1 Pounds
When you measure weight in pounds on a postal scale, you are measuring the force of gravity acting on an object.

7. 5.1 Newtons
Although we use pounds all the time in our everyday life, scientists prefer to measure forces in newtons.
The newton (N) is a metric unit of force.

9. 5.1 Unit conversions
The newton (N) is a smaller unit of force than the pound (lb).
1 Lb of force equals N
A 100 lb person weighs N.

10. 5.1 The force vector
The direction of a force makes a big difference in what the force does.
That means force is a vector, like velocity or position.
Arrows are often used to show the direction of forces in diagrams.

11. 5.1 Drawing a force vector
The arrow points in the direction of the force. The length is scaled to represent the size of the force.

12. Drawing vectors
The x- and y-axes show the strength of the force in the x and y directions.
When drawing a force vector to show its strength, you must also choose a scale.

13. 5.1 How forces act One way forces act is the result of direct contact.
A contact force is transmitted by matter directly touching other matter such as wind acting to slow a parachute.

14. 5.1 How forces act
The force of gravity between Earth and Moon appears to be what people once called “action-at-a-distance”.
Today we know that the gravitational force is carried from the Earth to the Moon by a force field.

15. Classify these forces as contact forces or the result of force fields.

16. 5.1 Contact forces from ropes and springs
Ropes and springs are often used to make and apply forces.
Ropes are used to transfer forces or change their direction.
The pulling force carried by a rope is called tension.
Tension always acts along the direction of the rope.

18. 5.1 Spring forces Springs are used to make or control forces.
The force from a spring always acts to return the spring to its resting shape.
Which of these springs is designed to be stretched?
Which is designed to be compressed?

19. 5.1 Spring forces
The force created by a spring is proportional to the ratio of the extended or compressed length divided by the original (resting) length.
If you stretch a spring twice as much, it makes a force that is twice as strong.

20. 5.1 Gravity
The force of gravity on an object is called weight.
At Earth’s surface, gravity exerts a force of 9.8 N on every kilogram of mass.

21. 5.1 Weight vs. mass Weight and mass are not the same.
Mass is a fundamental property of matter measured in kilograms (kg).
Weight is a force measured in newtons (N).
Weight depends on mass and gravity.

22. Weight depends on mass and gravity
A 10-kilogram rock has the same mass no matter where it is in the universe. On Earth, the10 kg. rock weighs 98 N.. On the moon, the same rock only weighs 16 N.

24. 5.1 Calculating weight
The weight equation can be rearranged into three forms to calculate weight, mass, or the strength of gravity.

26. Sig. fig. = 600 N Sig. fig. = 200 N Solving Problems
Calculate the weight of a 60-kilogram person (in newtons) on Earth and on Mars.
Looking for:
…weight of person in newtons on both planets
Given:
…mass = 60 kg; g = 3.7 N/kg on Mars;
…implied g = 9.8 N/kg on Earth
Relationships:
W = m x g
Solution:
60 kg x 9.8 N/kg = 588 N
60 kg x 3.7 N/kg = 222 N
Sig. fig. = 600 N
Sig. fig. = 200 N

27. Gravity and Falling Objects
Investigation 5C
Gravity and Falling Objects
Key Question:
How does gravity affect the motion of falling objects?

28. 5.2 Friction
Friction is a force that resists the motion of objects or surfaces.
Many kinds of friction exist.

29. 5.2 Friction

30. 5.2 Friction and two surfaces
Friction depends on both of the surfaces in contact.
When the hockey puck slides on ice, a thin layer of water between the rubber and the ice allows the puck to slide easily.

31. 5.2 Identifying friction forces
Friction is a force, measured in newtons just like any other force.
Static friction keeps an object at rest from moving.

32. 5.2 Identifying friction forces
Sliding friction is a force that resists the motion of an object moving across a surface.

33. 5.2 A model for friction
Friction depends on a material’s properties such as roughness, how clean the surfaces are, and other factors.
The greater the force squeezing two surfaces together, the greater the friction force.

34. 5.2 Reducing the force of friction
Unless a force is constantly applied, friction will slow all motion to a stop eventually.
It is impossible to completely get rid of friction, but it can be reduced.

35. 5.2 Reducing the force of friction
The friction between a shaft (the long pole in the picture) and an outer part of a machine produces a lot of heat.
Friction can be reduced by placing ball bearings between the shaft and the outer part.

36. 5.2 Using friction Friction is also important to anyone driving a car.
Grooved tire treads allow space for water to be channeled away from the road-tire contact point, allowing for more friction in wet conditions.

37. 5.2 Using friction
Shoes are designed to increase the friction between their soles and the ground.
How do you think these shoes increase friction?

38. 5.2 Friction and energy
Friction changes energy of motion into heat energy.

39. 5.2 Friction and energy
Friction is always present in any machine with moving parts.
If the machine is small, or the forces are low, the amount of heat produced by friction may also be small.

40. 5.2 Friction and energy
Each time two moving surfaces touch each other, tiny bits of material are broken off by friction.
Breaking off bits of material uses energy.

41. 5.3 Forces and Equilibrium
The sum of all the forces on an object is called the net force.
The word net means total but also means the direction of the forces has been taken into account.
In what direction will this plane go?

42. 5.3 Adding forces
To figure out if or how an object will move, we look at ALL of the forces acting on it.
Four forces act on a plane:
weight
drag (air friction)
the thrust of the engines, and
the lift force caused by the flow of air over the wings.

45. 5.3 Equilibrium When several forces act on the same object:
The net force is zero, or
The net force is NOT zero.

47. 5.3 Normal forces When the forces are balanced, the net force is zero.
When the net force on an object is zero, we say the object is in equilibrium.

48. 5.3 Equilibrium and normal forces
A normal force is created whenever an object is in contact with a surface.
The normal force has equal strength to the force pressing the object into the surface, which is often the object’s weight.
The normal force is sometimes called the support force.

49. 5.3 The free body diagram
How do you keep track of many forces with different directions?
Draw a free-body diagram that contains the objects, like a book on a table.

51. 5.3 Solving equilibrium problems
For an object to be in equilibrium, all the forces acting on the object must add up to zero.
Is this object in equilibrium?

52. Two chains are used to support a small boat weighing 1,500 newtons.
Solving Problems
Two chains are used to support a small boat weighing 1,500 newtons.
One chain has a tension of 600 newtons.
What is the force exerted by the other chain?

53. Solution: Solving Problems Draw free body diagram
Upward force of chains = weight of boat
600 N + tension2 = 1,500 N
tension2 = 900 N