1. Ch. 12 The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648) Ch. 12 The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

2. The Catholic Crusade Charles I/V divided his territories – Philip, son, received Spain, Milan, Naples, Netherlands, and the New World – Ferdinand, brother, received Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and elected HRE Branches of the Habsburg cooperated

3. Philip II: Catholic Protector Reigned 1554-1598 Deeply religious – Saw himself as the political protector of Catholicism Led the Catholic attack on Protestants – Advised the pope and Jesuits on participation

4. Sources of Power Gold and silver of New World Spanish domination of Mediterranean trade; greatest navy of the era Spain annexed Portugal in 1580 – Received Portugal’s large navy – Gained Portuguese territories globally – Rise of Spain will result in rivalry with England and France

5. El Escorial Philip’s palace (Madrid) Part residence, monastery, and religious retreat

6. The French Wars of Religion: Anti-Protestant Measures (446) French Protestants? Movements against Protestants (3) Power struggle: families and religious affliation Power of the Guise family Attractiveness of Calvinism in France

7. Protestant Repression in France French Protestants were known as Huguenots Emperor Charles V started the first wave of Protestant persecution in 1525 1534 – Protestants arrested and leader John Calvin sent into exile 1540 – Edict of Fontainebleau makes Protestants subject to the Inquisition 1551 – Edict of Chateaubriand establishes more measures against the Protestants later the Bourbon and Montmorency-Chatillon families become sympathetic to the Hugenots

8. Appeal of Calvinism Many powerful French aristocrats felt that Calvinism supported their autonomy from the crown and converted Political and religious dissidents made Calvinism viable in France